Chiwerengero cha zinsinsi zosathetsedwa padziko lathu lapansi chikuchepa chaka chilichonse. Kupitilizabe kukonza kwaukadaulo, mgwirizano wa asayansi ochokera m'malo osiyanasiyana asayansi umatiwululira zinsinsi ndi zinsinsi za mbiriyakale. Koma zinsinsi za mapiramidi zimakanirabe kumvetsetsa - zonse zomwe zapezedwa zimangopatsa asayansi mayankho osavuta pamafunso ambiri. Yemwe adapanga mapiramidi aku Egypt, ukadaulo womanga anali chiyani, kodi pali temberero la mafarao - awa ndi mafunso ena ambiri amakhalabe opanda yankho lenileni.
Kufotokozera kwa mapiramidi aku Egypt
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amalankhula za ma piramidi okwana 118 ku Egypt, pang'ono kapena osungidwa mpaka pano. Zaka zawo zimakhala zaka 4 mpaka 10 zikwi. Mmodzi wa iwo - Cheops - ndiye "chozizwitsa" chokha chomwe chatsala kuchokera ku "Zodabwitsa Zisanu ndi ziwiri za Dziko". Maofesi otchedwa "The Great Pyramids of Giza", omwe amaphatikizaponso Pyramid of Cheops, adawonedwanso kuti amatenga nawo gawo pamipikisano ya "New Seven Wonders of the World", koma adachotsedwa pakuchita nawo, popeza nyumba zazikuluzikuluzi ndizomwe zili "zodabwitsa padziko lapansi" pamndandanda wakale.
Mapiramidi awa ndi malo ochezera kwambiri ku Egypt. Zasungidwa bwino, zomwe sizinganenedwe pazinthu zina zambiri - nthawi sinakhale yabwino kwa iwo. Nzika zakomweko zidathandizanso kuwononga ziphuphu zazikuluzikulu pochotsa zokutira ndikuphwanya miyala pamakoma kuti amange nyumba zawo.
Mapiramidi aku Egypt adamangidwa ndi ma farao omwe adalamulira kuyambira XXVII century BC. e. ndipo kenako. Zinapangidwa kuti apumule olamulira. Kukula kwakukulu kwa manda (ena - mpaka pafupifupi 150 m) amayenera kuchitira umboni za ukulu wa mafarao omwe adaikidwa m'manda, palinso zinthu zomwe wolamulira adazikonda nthawi ya moyo wake zomwe zingamuthandize pambuyo pa moyo.
Pomanga, miyala yamiyeso yamitundu yosiyanasiyana idagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe idaponyedwa m'miyala, ndipo njerwa pambuyo pake idakhala chida chamakoma. Miyala yamiyala idasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kotero kuti mpeni sungadutse pakati pawo. Zidutswa zija zidalumikizana pamwamba pazolumikizana ndi masentimita angapo, zomwe zidapanga mawonekedwe ake. Pafupifupi mapiramidi onse achiigupto ali ndi malo ozungulira, mbali zake zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pamakadinala.
Popeza mapiramidi adagwiranso ntchito yomweyo, ndiye kuti, adatumikira monga manda a farao, ndiye mkati ndi kapangidwe kake ndikofanana. Gawo lalikulu ndi holo yamanda, pomwe sarcophagus ya wolamulira idayikidwa. Khomo silinakonzedwe pansi, koma lokwera mita zingapo, ndipo linakutidwa ndi ma mbale akuyang'ana. Kuchokera pakhomo lolowera m'chipinda cham'kati munali masitepe ndi njira zolowera, zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zopapatiza kwambiri kotero kuti zimatha kuyenda limodzi zikungokhala kapena kukwawa.
M'malo ambiri a necropolise, zipinda zoyika maliro (zipinda) zili pansi pamunsi. Mpweya wabwino umachitika kudzera mumayendedwe opapatiza, omwe amalowerera pamakoma. Zojambula pamiyala ndi zolemba zakale zachipembedzo zimapezeka pamakoma a mapiramidi ambiri - makamaka, kwa iwo asayansi amatenga zidziwitso za mamangidwe ndi eni maliro.
Zinsinsi zazikulu za mapiramidi
Mndandanda wazinsinsi zosathetsedwa umayamba ndi mawonekedwe a necropolise. Nchifukwa chiyani mawonekedwe a piramidi adasankhidwa, omwe amamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Greek ngati "polyhedron"? Nchifukwa chiyani nkhopezo zinali zowonekera bwino pamakadinala? Kodi miyala yayikuluyo idachoka bwanji pamalowo ndipo idakwezedwa bwanji? Kodi nyumbazi zidamangidwa ndi alendo kapena anthu omwe ali ndi kristalo wamatsenga?
Asayansi amatsutsana pa funso loti ndani adamanga nyumba zazitali chonchi zomwe zakhalapo kwazaka zambiri. Ena amakhulupirira kuti adamangidwa ndi akapolo omwe adamwalira masauzande mazana nyumba iliyonse. Komabe, zinthu zatsopano zomwe akatswiri ofufuza zakale komanso akatswiri ofufuza zaumunthu apeza zimatsimikizira kuti omangawo anali anthu omasuka omwe amalandira chakudya chabwino komanso chithandizo chamankhwala. Anapanga malingaliro amenewa potengera momwe mafupawo anapangidwira, kapangidwe ka mafupa ndi kuvulala kochiritsidwa kwa omanga m'mandawo.
Imfa ndi imfa zonse za anthu omwe adachita nawo kafukufuku wamapiramidi aku Egypt adanenedwa kuti zidachitika mwangozi, zomwe zidadzetsa mphekesera ndikulankhula za themberero la mafarao. Palibe umboni wa sayansi pankhaniyi. Mwina mphekesera zidayambitsidwa kuti ziwopseze akuba komanso olanda omwe akufuna kupeza zinthu zamtengo wapatali ndi zodzikongoletsera m'manda.
Nthawi zakanthawi zomanga mapiramidi aku Egypt zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha zozizwitsa zosangalatsa. Malinga ndi kuwerengera, ziphuphu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zili ndi ukadaulowu ziyenera kuti zidamangidwa osachepera zaka zana. Mwachitsanzo, kodi piramidi ya Cheops inamangidwa bwanji m'zaka 20 zokha?
Mapiramidi Aakulu
Ili ndiye dzina la maliro pafupi ndi mzinda wa Giza, wopangidwa ndi mapiramidi atatu akulu, chifanizo chachikulu cha Sphinx ndi mapiramidi ang'onoang'ono amlengalenga, omwe mwina amapangidwira akazi a olamulira.
Kutalika koyambirira kwa piramidi ya Cheops kunali 146 m, mbali yam'mbali - 230 m. Yomangidwa m'zaka 20 mzaka za XXVI BC. Malo odziwika bwino kwambiri ku Aigupto alibe maholo amodzi koma atatu. Imodzi ili pansi pa nthaka, ndipo awiri ali pamwamba pa maziko. Mayendedwe olowera kumalo opita kumanda. Pa iwo mutha kupita kuchipinda cha farao (mfumu), kuchipinda cha mfumukazi komanso ku chipinda chotsikirako. Chipinda cha farao ndi chipinda cha pinki cha pinki chokhala ndi kukula kwa 10x5 m. Granite sarcophagus yopanda chivundikiro imayikidwamo. Palibe lipoti la asayansi lomwe linali ndi chidziwitso chokhudza mitembo yomwe idapezeka, chifukwa chake sizikudziwika ngati a Cheops adayikidwa pano. Mwa njira, amayi a Cheops sanapezekenso m'manda ena.
Sizikudziwika ngati piramidi ya Cheops idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga zake, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti mwachidziwikire idalandidwa ndi achifwamba mzaka zapitazi. Dzinalo la wolamulira, yemwe adalamula kuti mandawa amangidwe, adaphunziridwa kuchokera pazithunzi ndi ma hieroglyphs pamwamba pamanda. Mapiramidi ena onse aku Egypt, kupatula Djoser, ali ndi zomangamanga zosavuta.
Ma necropolise ena awiri ku Giza, omangidwira olowa m'malo a Cheops, ndi ochepa kukula kwake:
Alendo amabwera ku Giza kuchokera konsekonse ku Egypt, chifukwa mzindawu kwenikweni ndi mzinda wa Cairo, ndipo zosinthira zonse zoyendera zimatsogolera kumeneko. Apaulendo ochokera ku Russia nthawi zambiri amapita ku Giza ngati gawo la magulu ochokera ku Sharm el-Sheikh ndi Hurghada. Ulendowu ndi wautali, maola 6-8 njira imodzi, kotero ulendowu nthawi zambiri umapangidwira masiku awiri.
Nyumba zazikuluzikulu zimangopezeka munthawi yama bizinesi, nthawi zambiri mpaka 5 koloko masana, m'mwezi wa Ramadan - mpaka 3 koloko masana. Sikoyenera kulowa mkati mwa asthmatics, komanso anthu omwe akudwala matenda a claustrophobia, matenda amanjenje ndi mtima. Muyenera kumwa madzi akumwa ndi zipewa pa ulendowu. Ndalama zolipirira maulendo zimakhala ndi magawo angapo:
- Kulowera kumalo ovuta.
- Khomo lolowera mkatikati mwa piramidi la Cheops kapena Khafre.
- Kulowera ku Museum of the Solar Boat, pomwe thupi la farao lidadutsa Nile.
Poyang'ana kumbuyo kwa mapiramidi aku Egypt, anthu ambiri amakonda kujambula, atakhala pa ngamila. Mutha kuyanjana ndi eni ngamila.
Piramidi ya Djoser
Piramidi yoyamba padziko lapansi ili ku Saqqara, pafupi ndi Memphis, likulu lakale la Egypt wakale. Masiku ano, piramidi ya Djoser siyokopa alendo monga necropolis ya Cheops, koma nthawi ina inali yayikulu kwambiri mdzikolo komanso yovuta kwambiri popanga ukadaulo.
Mandawo anali ndi matchalitchi, mabwalo, ndi malo osungira. Piramidi yolowera sikisi palokha ilibe malo ozungulira, koma amakona anayi, okhala ndi mbali 125x110 m. Kutalika kwa nyumbayo palokha ndi 60 m, pali zipinda 12 zoyikamo mkati mwake, momwe Djoser mwini ndi abale ake amayenera kuti adayikidwa. Amayi a farao sanapezeke pakufukula. Dera lonse la zovuta, mahekitala 15, linali lozunguliridwa ndi khoma lamiyala lalitali mamita 10. Pakadali pano, gawo lina la khoma ndi nyumba zina zakonzanso, ndipo piramidi, yemwe zaka zake zikuyandikira zaka 4700, yasungidwa bwino ndithu.
