Asitikali aku Terracotta amadziwika kuti ndi malo a UNESCO World Heritage Site, chifukwa simudzapeza chipilala chachikhalidwe china kulikonse. Ankhondo, akavalo ndi magaleta a Emperor Qin Shi Huang akuchitira umboni za mphamvu zake ndi mphamvu zake. Komabe, akukhulupirira kuti anali wolamulira wopita patsogolo kwambiri wa nthawi yake, chifukwa, malinga ndi mwambo, zonse zofunika kwambiri zinaikidwa m'manda pamodzi ndi wolamulira, kuphatikizapo anthu, ndipo gulu lake lankhondo lalikulu linali ziboliboli chabe.
Kodi gulu lankhondo la Terracotta limawoneka bwanji?
Asitikali omwe apezekawa ali pansi pa Phiri la Lishan, lomwe limawoneka ngati mzinda woikidwa m'manda wokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali zolembedwa m'mbiri. Mwa ziboliboli mulibe asirikali okha, komanso akavalo, komanso magaleta okongoletsa. Munthu aliyense ndi kavalo amapangidwa ndi dzanja, ankhondo ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera, mawonekedwe apadera ndi ziwerengero, aliyense ali ndi chida chake: zopingasa, malupanga, mikondo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali amuna oyenda pansi, okwera pamahatchi ndi oyang'anira pamndandanda, omwe amatha kutsatiridwa mwatsatanetsatane wa zovala, zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Anthu ambiri amadabwa kuti zida zonse zamiyala zamatabwa a terracotta zimapangidwa bwanji. Amapangidwa ndi dongo, koma asitikaliwo adabwera kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana mdziko muno, chifukwa ambiri amasiyana pakupanga zida zopangira zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito. Akavalo, malinga ndi ochita kafukufukuwo, amapangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu womwe unatengedwa kuchokera ku Phiri la Lishan. Chifukwa cha izi ndikulemera kwawo kwakukulu, komwe kungasokoneze mayendedwe. Kulemera kwapakati pamahatchi opitilira 200 kg, ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu pafupifupi 130 kg. Ukadaulo wopanga ziboliboli ndi womwewo: adapatsidwa mawonekedwe, kenako amawotcha, okutidwa ndi glaze wapadera ndi utoto.
Mbiri yakuwonekera kwamanda akulu
Sipangakhale chikaikiro kuti asitikali anapezeka kuti ali mdziko liti, chifukwa ku China munthawiyo zinali zachizolowezi kuyika chilichonse chomwe chinali chamtengo wapatali kwa iye wamoyo ndi wolamulira womwalirayo. Ndi chifukwa chake wolamulira woyamba wa mafumu a Qin, ali ndi zaka 13, adaganiza za momwe manda ake angawonekere, ndikuyamba kumanga manda ambiri.
Ulamuliro wake ungatchulidwe kuti ndiwofunika m'mbiri yaku China, pomwe adagwirizanitsa maufumu omenyera nkhondo, kutha nthawi yankhanza, kufunkha ndi kugawikana. Monga chisonyezo cha ukulu wake, adawononga zipilala zonse kuyambira nthawi ya ulamuliro wake, ndikuwotcha zolemba pamanja zomwe zimafotokoza zamasiku akale. Kuyambira 246 BC ntchito yomanga idayamba pamanda a Qin Shi Huang ndipo adamalizidwa ndi 210 BC, pomwe amfumu adaikidwa pamenepo atamwalira.
Timalimbikitsa kuwerenga za Kachisi Wakumwamba.
Malinga ndi nthano, poyamba adakonzekera kuyika asilikari 4000 naye, koma anthu okhala mu ufumuwo anali ochepa kale patadutsa zaka zambiri za nkhondo zosatha. Apa ndipamene adapeza lingaliro lokayika gulu lankhondo la Terracotta, pomwe amayenera kufanana ndi gulu lankhondo lenileni. Palibe amene akudziwa ndendende kuchuluka kwa ankhondo omwe adaikidwa m'manda. Akuyerekeza kuti alipo oposa 8,000 a iwo, komabe pakhoza kukhala zinsinsi zambiri zosathetsedwa zobisika pansi pa nthaka.
Kuphatikiza pa gulu lake lankhondo, mfumu yayikulu idayika azikazi ake limodzi ndi iye, komanso antchito pafupifupi 70,000 omwe adagwira ntchito yopanga chipilala chachikhalidwe. Kukonzekera kwa mandawo kunatenga zaka 38, usana ndi usiku, chifukwa chake adatambasula pafupifupi kilomita imodzi ndi theka, ndikupanga mzinda wonse wobisika mobisa. Zambiri zachilendo zimasungidwa m'mipukutu yokhudza malo ano, zomwe zitha kuwonetsa zinsinsi zatsopano zomwe sizinawululidwebe.
Fufuzani chinsinsi cha China
Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu okhala ku Xian amayenda m'mbali mwa mapiri ndipo sanaganize kuti pansi pa phazi lawo panali zobisika zodziwika ndi mbiri ya zaka chikwi yotchedwa Terracotta Army. M'derali, zidutswa zadothi nthawi zambiri zimapezeka, koma malinga ndi nthano sizingakhudzidwe ndipo, kutenga nawo. Mu 1974, mandawo adapezeka ndi Yan Ji Wang, yemwe amafuna kubaya chitsime pafupi ndi phiri la Lishan. Pakuya pafupifupi mita 5, mlimiyo adagundana ndi mutu wa m'modzi wa asirikali. Kwa olemba mbiri ndi akatswiri ofukula mabwinja, zomwe adazipeza zinali zowopsa kwenikweni ndikuyamba kwa kafukufuku wazaka zambiri.
Kufukula kunachitika m'magawo atatu, chomaliza chomwe sichinamalizidwe. Oposa 400 asitikali aku Terracotta Army omwe adapezeka koyamba adatumizidwa kumamyuziyamu padziko lonse lapansi, koma ambiri mwa iwo adatsalira ku China, komwe kuli mfumu yomwe idapanga chipilala chodabwitsa. Pakadali pano, manda otetezedwa ndiye chuma chamtengo wapatali mdziko muno, chifukwa alendo omwe ali ndiudindo wapamwamba akuitanidwa pano kuti athokoze ukulu wa mfumu yoyamba ya mzera wa Qin.
Alendo onse amatha kuyendera mzindawo. Kuti muchite izi, simukusowa kudziwa kuchokera ku Beijing, chifukwa maulendo ambiri amaphatikizapo kukachezera Gulu Lankhondo la Terracotta pulogalamuyi. Mukuyenda kwake, mutha kujambula zithunzi za ziboliboli zadongo zojambulidwa ndi nkhope zosiyanasiyana, ngati kuti zakupsa mtima kwazaka zambiri.
