Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Aimard Sartre (1905-1980) - Wafilosofi waku France, woimira kuti kulibe Mulungu, wolemba, wolemba nkhani, wolemba nkhani komanso mphunzitsi. Wopambana pa Mphoto ya Nobel mu Literature ya 1964, yomwe adakana.

Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Jean-Paul Sartre, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Sartre.

Mbiri ya Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Sartre adabadwa pa June 21, 1905 ku Paris. Anakulira m'banja la msirikali Jean-Baptiste Sartre ndi mkazi wake Anne-Marie Schweitzer. Iye anali mwana yekhayo wa makolo ake.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Tsoka loyamba mu mbiri ya Jean-Paul lidachitika ali ndi zaka chimodzi, bambo ake atamwalira. Pambuyo pake, banja lidasamukira kunyumba ya makolo ku Meudon.

Amayi anali kumukonda kwambiri mwana wawo wamwamuna, kuyesera kuti amupatse zonse zomwe amafunikira. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti a Jean-Paul adabadwa ndikuthyola diso lakumanzere ndi munga m'diso lake lamanja.

Kusamalira amayi ndi achibale mopitilira muyeso kunayamba mwa mnyamatayo mikhalidwe monga kunyada ndi kudzikuza.

Ngakhale kuti achibale onse adakonda kwambiri Sartre, sanawabwezere. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pantchito yake "Lay", wafilosofiyu adatcha moyo mnyumba kuti ndi gehena yodzala ndi chinyengo.

Mwanjira zambiri, a Jean-Paul adakhala osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu chifukwa cha kusamvana m'banjamo. Agogo ake aakazi anali Akatolika, pomwe agogo ake anali Apulotesitanti. Mnyamatayo anali mboni pafupipafupi momwe amasekerera malingaliro achipembedzo anzawo.

Izi zidapangitsa kuti Sartre awone kuti zipembedzo zonsezi sizothandiza.

Ali wachinyamata, adaphunzira ku Lyceum, pambuyo pake adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Higher Normal School. Inali nthawi yonena za mbiri yake pomwe adachita chidwi polimbana ndi mphamvu.

Filosofi ndi Zolemba

Atateteza bwino chiphunzitso chafilosofi ndikugwira ntchito ngati mphunzitsi wa filosofi ku Le Havre Lyceum, a Jean-Paul Sartre adapita ku Berlin. Atabwerera kunyumba, anapitirizabe kuphunzitsa m'manyimbo osiyanasiyana.

Sartre amadziwika ndi nthabwala yabwino kwambiri, luso lalitali kwambiri komanso erudition. Ndizodabwitsa kuti chaka chimodzi adatha kuwerenga mabuku oposa 300! Nthawi yomweyo adalemba ndakatulo, nyimbo ndi nkhani.

Apa ndipamene Jean-Paul adayamba kufalitsa ntchito zake zoyambirira. Nausea (1938) yolemba (1938) idapangitsa chidwi pakati pa anthu. Mmenemo, wolemba adalankhula zakusowa kwa moyo, chisokonezo, kusowa tanthauzo m'moyo, kutaya mtima ndi zinthu zina.

Munthu wamkulu m'buku lino amafika pamapeto pake kuti kukhala ndi tanthauzo kumangokhala mwa luso. Pambuyo pake, Sartre akupereka ntchito yake yotsatira - mndandanda wa nkhani zazifupi 5 "Khoma", zomwe zimakhudzanso owerenga.

Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse (1939-1945) itayamba, a Jean-Paul adalembedwa usitikali, koma komitiyi idamuwonetsa kuti sanayenere kugwira ntchito chifukwa chakhungu lake. Zotsatira zake, mnyamatayo adapatsidwa gawo lanyengo.

Pamene a Nazi adalanda France mu 1940, Sartre adagwidwa, komwe adakhala pafupifupi miyezi 9. Koma ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yovuta chonchi, adayesetsa kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chamtsogolo.

Jean-Paul ankakonda kuseketsa anthu oyandikana nawo nyumba ndi nkhani zoseketsa, kutenga nawo mbali pamasewera a nkhonya ndipo amatha kuchita zisudzo. Mu 1941, wamndende wosawona bwino uja adamasulidwa, chifukwa chake adatha kulemba.

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Sartre adasindikiza sewero lotsutsa-fascist The Flies. Anadana ndi chipani cha Nazi ndipo ananyoza aliyense mopanda chifundo kuti sanachite chilichonse cholimbana ndi chipani cha Nazi.

Pofika nthawi ya mbiri yake, mabuku a Jean-Paul Sartre anali kale otchuka kwambiri. Iye anali ndi ulamuliro pakati pa nthumwi za anthu apamwamba komanso pakati pa anthu wamba. Ntchito zofalitsidwazo zidamupatsa mwayi wosiya kuphunzitsa ndikupanga nzeru zake ndi zolemba.

Nthawi yomweyo, Sartre adakhala wolemba kafukufuku wafilosofi wotchedwa "Kukhala wopanda kanthu", lomwe lidakhala buku lowunikira akatswiri anzeru aku France. Wolemba adapanga lingaliro loti palibe chidziwitso, koma kungodziwa za dziko lozungulira. Kuphatikiza apo, munthu aliyense ali ndi udindo pazomwe amachita.

Jean-Paul amakhala m'modzi mwa oimira owoneka bwino kwambiri okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu, amene amakana kuti kumbuyo kwazinthu (zochitika) pakhoza kukhala Munthu wodabwitsa (Mulungu), yemwe amatsimikizira "chofunikira" chawo kapena chowonadi.

Malingaliro anzeru za Mfalansa amapeza yankho pakati pa anthu ambiri, chifukwa chake ali ndi otsatira ambiri. Mawu a Sartre - "munthu adzaweruzidwa kukhala womasuka", amakhala mawu otchuka.

Malinga ndi a Jean-Paul, ufulu wabwino waumunthu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense pagulu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti anali kutsutsa malingaliro a Sigmund Freud okomoka. Mosiyana ndi izi, woganizayo adalengeza kuti munthu amangogwira ntchito mosazindikira.

Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi Sartre, ngakhale ziwopsezo sizimangochitika zokha, koma zimagudubidwa dala. M'zaka za m'ma 60s, anali pachimake pa kutchuka, kudzilola kudzudzula mabungwe azamalamulo.

Pomwe mu 1964 a Jean-Paul Sartre amafuna kupereka Mphoto ya Nobel mu Literature, adakana. Adafotokozera zomwe adachita poti sakufuna kukhala ndi ngongole kubungwe lililonse lazikhalidwe, ndikudzifunsa za ufulu wake.

Sartre nthawi zonse amatsatira malingaliro akumanzere, atadziwika kuti anali womenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi boma lomwe lilipo. Adateteza Ayuda, adatsutsa nkhondo zaku Algeria ndi Vietnam, adadzudzula US kuti idalanda Cuba, ndi USSR yaku Czechoslovakia. Nyumba yake inaphulitsidwa kawiri, ndipo zigawenga zinathamangira ku ofesi.

Pakati pa ziwonetsero zina, zomwe zidakula ndikukhala zipolowe, wafilosofi adamangidwa, zomwe zidakwiya kwambiri pagulu. Izi zitangouzidwa kwa a Charles de Gaulle, adalamula kuti amasule Sartre, nati: "France siyidzala Voltaires."

Moyo waumwini

Adakali wophunzira, Sartre adakumana ndi Simone de Beauvoir, yemwe nthawi yomweyo adapeza chilankhulo. Pambuyo pake, mtsikanayo adavomereza kuti wampeza kawiri. Chifukwa, achinyamata anayamba kukhala m'banja boma.

Ndipo ngakhale okwatirana anali ofanana kwambiri, nthawi yomweyo ubale wawo unkaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, a Jean-Paul adabera Simone poyera, amenenso adamupusitsa ndi amuna ndi akazi.

Kuphatikiza apo, okondawo amakhala m'nyumba zosiyanasiyana ndipo amakumana pomwe akufuna. Mmodzi mwa olakwitsa a Sartre anali mayi waku Russia Olga Kazakevich, yemwe adapatulira ntchito "The Wall". Posakhalitsa Beauvoir adanyenga Olga polemba buku la Iye Came to Stay in her ulemu.

Zotsatira zake, Kozakevich adakhala "bwenzi" la banjali, pomwe wafilosofiyu adayamba kukondana ndi mlongo wake Wanda. Pambuyo pake, Simone adayamba chibwenzi ndi wophunzira wake wachichepere Natalie Sorokina, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala mbuye wa Jean-Paul.

Komabe, thanzi la Sartre litafooka ndipo anali atagona kale, Simone Beauvoir anali naye nthawi zonse.

Imfa

Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, a Jean-Paul adachita khungu chifukwa cha khungu lomwe limapitilira patsogolo. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, adafunsanso kuti asakonze mwambo wamaliro wabwino komanso osalemba mawu okweza, chifukwa sanakonde chinyengo.

A Jean-Paul Sartre adamwalira pa Epulo 15, 1980 ali ndi zaka 74. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali edema m'mapapo mwanga. Pafupifupi anthu 50,000 anabwera ku njira yotsiriza ya wafilosofi.