Robert James (Bobby) Nsomba (1943-2008) - Grandmaster waku America komanso mtsogoleri wa chess wapadziko lonse wa 11. Malinga odziwitsa Šahovski, ndiye wosewera mpira wamphamvu kwambiri wazaka za m'ma 2000.
Ali ndi zaka 13 adakhala katswiri wampikisano wa chess waku US, ali ndi zaka 14 adapambana mpikisano wachikulire, ali ndi zaka 15 adakhala agogo aamuna omaliza nthawi yake komanso wampikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Bobby Fischer, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Robert James Fisher.
Bobby Fischer mbiri
Bobby Fischer adabadwa pa Marichi 9, 1943 ku Chicago. Amayi ake, a Regina Wender, anali Myuda waku Switzerland. Abambo a agogo aamunawo ndi akatswiri achiyuda komanso achikominisi a Hans-Gerhard Fischer, omwe adasamukira ku USSR.
Pali mtundu wina womwe abambo ake a Bobby anali katswiri wamasamu wachiyuda Paul Nemenyi, yemwe adachita gawo lalikulu polera mnyamatayo.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha (1939-1945), mayi ndi ana awo, Bobby ndi Joan, adakhazikika mumzinda waku America ku Brooklyn. Mnyamatayo atadutsa zaka 6, mlongo wake adamuphunzitsa kusewera chess.
Fischer nthawi yomweyo adapanga mphatso yachilengedwe pamasewerawa, yomwe amapitiliza kupitiliza. Mwanayo anali kutengeka kwambiri ndi chess, choncho anasiya kuyankhulana ndi anyamatawo. Amatha kulankhulana ndi okhawo omwe amadziwa kusewera chess, ndipo pakati pa anzawo kunalibe.
Amayiwo adachita mantha ndi machitidwe amwana wawo wamwamuna, yemwe amakhala nthawi yonseyi pa board. Mkaziyu adalengezanso munyuzipepala, akuyesera kuti apeze omutsutsa mwana wawo, koma palibe amene adayankha.
Bobby Fischer posakhalitsa adalowa kalabu ya chess. Ali ndi zaka 10, adagwira nawo mpikisano wake woyamba, atatha kugonjetsa omenyana nawo onse.
Bobby anali ndi chikumbukiro chodabwitsa chomwe chidamuthandiza kuphunzira maphunziro a chess ndikudziphatikiza yekha. Sanakonde kupita kusukulu chifukwa adalengeza kuti palibe chomwe chimaphunzitsidwa pamenepo. Wachinyamatayo adati aphunzitsi ndiopusa ndipo ndi amuna okha omwe angakhale aphunzitsi.
Mphamvu yekhayo m'masukulu a Fischer anali mphunzitsi wamaphunziro azolimbitsa thupi, omwe nthawi zambiri ankasewera nawo chess.
Ali ndi zaka 15, adaganiza zosiya sukulu, chifukwa anali ndi vuto lalikulu ndi amayi ake. Zotsatira zake, amayi adamsiyira nyumba ndikusamukira kwina.
Zotsatira zake, kuyambira pomwepo, Bobby Fischer adayamba kukhala yekha. Anapitiliza kuphunzira mabuku a chess, amangokonda masewerawa.
Masewera Chess
Bobby Fischer ali ndi zaka 13, adakhala US Junior Chess Champion. Chaka chotsatira, adapambana mpikisano wachikulire, ndikukhala katswiri wachichepere kwambiri m'mbiri yadziko.
Bobby posakhalitsa adazindikira kuti akuyenera kukhala wathanzi. Pachifukwa ichi, adayamba kusewera tenisi ndikusambira, komanso kutsetsereka pa ayezi komanso kutsetsereka. Pambuyo pakupambana kwakukulu mu mpikisano waku US, American Chess Federation idavomereza kuti mnyamatayo apite ku mpikisano ku Yugoslavia.
Apa Fischer adatenga malo 5-6 pamayimidwe, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti akwaniritse zomwe GM imachita. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mwanjira imeneyi adakhala wamkulu wamkulu kwambiri mu mbiri ya chess - zaka 15.5.
Mwa osewera chess aku Soviet, Bobby Fischer nthawi zambiri ankasewera ndi Tigran Petrosyan. Onse pamodzi, adasewera masewera 27 pakati pawo. Ndipo ngakhale Petrosyan adapambana masewera oyamba, wothamanga waku Soviet adalengeza poyera talente yosatsutsika ya prodigy waku America.
Mu 1959, mnyamatayo adasewera koyamba pa World Chess Championship ku Yugoslavia, koma masewera ake adakhala ofooka. Komabe, zovutazo zidangokwiyitsa Bobby. Anayamba kukonzekera kwambiri masewerawa ndipo posakhalitsa adapambana kupambana kwakukulu pamipikisano yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pa mbiri ya 1960-1962. Fischer adakhala wopambana pamasewera apadziko lonse lapansi maulendo 4, kukhala wopambana pa Chess Olympiad ku Leipzig, komanso adapambana masewera ambiri pamipikisano yamagulu.
Mu 1962, Bobby adalephera pamsonkhano wotsatira wa omwe adzapikisane nawo pamunda wampikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi - malo achinayi. Atabwerera kudziko lakwawo, adadzinenera pagulu osewera a chess aku Soviet Union kuti akuti amasewera pakati pawo, kuyesera kuletsa ofunsira akunja kuti asafike pamalo oyamba.
Fischer adaonjezeranso kuti sangatenge nawo gawo pamipikisano yayikulu mpaka nthawi yomwe FIDE ivomereze dongosolo lamasewera - kuthetsa. Potsutsa, kwa zaka zitatu zotsatira, sanachite nawo masewera apadziko lonse lapansi. Pambuyo pake, wothamanga uja adavomereza kuti iyemwini ndiye amamuchititsa kwambiri kuti agonjetsedwe.
Mu theka lachiwiri la ma 60s, Bobby adakwanitsa kumaliza masewera a chess, ndikukhala m'modzi mwamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Adalandira mphotho pamipikisano yayikulu. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu ambiri amamukumbukira osati monga wothamanga waluntha, komanso ngati wotsutsana.
Madzulo a masewera enaake, Fischer atha kufunsa kuti masewerawa asinthidwe tsiku lina. Kapenanso mnyamatayo adavomera kuti ayambe masewerawa nthawi isanakwane 4:00 pm chifukwa choti anali atazolowera kudzuka mochedwa. Komanso, okonzekerawo amayenera kusungitsa zipinda zodyera m'mahotela.
Nkhondo isanayambe, Bobby adawunika momwe bolodi idayatsa. Anaika pensulo yake ndikuimilira kenako nkuyang'ana pagome. Ngati awona mthunzi, wosewera chess amalankhula za kuyatsa kosakwanira. Monga lamulo, adachedwa pamipikisano yonse, yomwe adani ake anali atazolowera.
Ndipo komabe, chifukwa cha "zoyipa" zake zinali zotheka kusintha kwambiri mpikisano. Kuphatikiza apo, opambana adayamba kulandira chindapusa chambiri. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Fischer atangonena kuti: "Ngakhale Mohammed Ali apempha kuti amenye nkhondo yanji, ndifunsanso zina."
Umodzi mwamasewera otchuka kwambiri mu mbiri ya Fischer adaseweredwa mu 1972. Bobby Fischer ndi Boris Spassky adakumana pampikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Monga nthawi zonse, ngakhale msonkhano usanayambe, aku America adasintha zomwe akufuna, ndikuwopseza kuti asiya masewerawa ngati zofuna zawo sizikwaniritsidwa.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya chess, pempho la Fischer, mphothoyo idakhala $ 250,000. Zotsatira zake, waku America adatha kugonjetsa wothamanga waku Soviet ndikukhala ngwazi dziko lawo. Atafika ku United States, Purezidenti Richard Nixon adafuna kukumana naye, koma wosewerayo adakana kukumana.
Anthu ambiri odziwika padziko lapansi amafuna kukhala naye paubwenzi, koma Bobby adakonda kulumikizana ndi anthu apafupi kwambiri. Adayitanidwa kuma pulogalamu ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kutsatira kwenikweni. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mwamunayo akhazikitse chindapusa pakuchita nawo chilichonse:
- powerenga kalatayo - $ 1000;
- polankhula pafoni - $ 2500;
- pamsonkhano wapadera - $ 5000;
- poyankhulana - $ 25,000.
Fischer posakhalitsa anasiya kuwonekera pagulu, kudandaula za kutopa kwambiri. Mu 1975, adadodometsanso gulu lonse lapansi. Wosewera chess anakana kutenga nawo mbali pa World Championship, chifukwa cha chigonjetso anapita Anatoly Karpov.
Malinga ndi mtundu wodalirika kwambiri, aku America adakana chifukwa okonzawo sanavomereze kukwaniritsa zomwe amafuna pomenya nkhondoyi. Kupanda ulemu uku kudamugwira Fischer, pambuyo pake adalonjeza kuti sadzasewera chess.
Mwamunayo sanasinthe chisankho chake mpaka 1992. Munthawi yamalonda yomwe a Boris Spassky adachita, pomwe Bobby adavomereza mosayembekezereka, akuluakulu aku US adaganiza zophwanya lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi. Wothamanga adawopsezedwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 10, komabe adabwera pamasewera.
Atagonjetsa Spassky, Fischer adakumana ndi zovuta. Tsopano sanathe kubwerera ku America, ndichifukwa chake adakwera ndege kupita ku Hungary, ndikuchokera ku Philippines. Pambuyo pake, adakhazikika ku Japan kwakanthawi.
A Bobby Fischer nthawi zambiri amatsutsa mfundo zaku US, zomwe akuti zinali m'manja mwa Ayuda. Anali anti-Semite, yemwe nthawi zambiri amaweruza Ayuda milandu ingapo. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2003, boma la US lidachotsa ufulu wawo wokhala nzika. Udzu womaliza wa aku America udavomerezedwa ndi chess player pazomwe al-Qaeda komanso ziwonetsero za Seputembara 11.
Pambuyo pake, Iceland idavomera kulandira othawa kwawo. Apa Bobby amatchulabe America ndi Ayuda zoyipa. Ananenanso zoyipa za osewera a Soviet chess. Makamaka Garry Kasparov ndi Anatoly Karpov adapeza. Fischer adatcha Kasparov chigawenga, ponena kuti nkhondo za 1984-1985. ananamizidwa ndi ntchito zapadera za Soviet.
Moyo waumwini
Mu 1990, wosewera wa chess waku Hungary, a Petra Rajchani, adalembera kalata fano lawo, lomwe adawerengedwa ndi Fischer patangotha chaka chimodzi. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mtsikanayo asamukire ku United States. Achinyamata anakumana kwa zaka 2, kenako anaganiza zochoka.
Raichani sanathenso kulekerera machitidwe achinsinsi a wokondedwa. Pambuyo pake, Bobby sanakhale pachibwenzi ndi aliyense kwazaka pafupifupi 10. Atasamukira ku Japan, adakumana ndi wosewera wa chess wamba wotchedwa Mieko Watai. Mtsikanayo amakhala pafupi ndi mwamunayo, ngakhale anali ndi mavuto amisala.
Watai adayankhanso modekha mphekesera zoti Bobby anali ndi mwana wapathengo ku Philippines, yemwe adabadwa atakhala pachibwenzi ndi Marilyn Young. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti kuyesa kwa DNA komwe kunachitika atamwalira wosewera chess sikunatsimikizire kuti Fischer ndi kholo lawo.
Okonda adakwatirana mu 2004 m'ndende, pomwe Bobby adamaliza atayesa kuchoka kuboma ndi zikalata zabodza. Mwa njira, adakhala miyezi 8 m'ndende.
Imfa
Bobby Fischer adamwalira pa Januware 17, 2008 ali ndi zaka 64. Chifukwa cha imfa ya wothamanga wanzeru anali kulephera aimpso. Madokotala mobwerezabwereza ankamupatsa mwamunayo kuti achite opaleshoni, koma nthawi zonse ankakana.
Chithunzi ndi Bobby Fischer
