Crystal usiku, kapena Usiku wa Mawindo Osweka - Pogrom yachiyuda (ziwopsezo zingapo) mgulu lonse la Nazi ku Germany, m'malo ena a Austria ndi Sudetenland pa Novembala 9-10, 1938, yochitidwa ndi oyendetsa ndege aku SA komanso anthu wamba.
Apolisi adapewa kusokoneza izi. Pambuyo pakuukiraku, misewu yambiri idakutidwa ndi mazenera ogulitsa, nyumba ndi masunagoge a Ayuda. Ichi ndichifukwa chake dzina lachiwiri la "Kristallnacht" ndi "Night of Broken Glass Windows".
Zochitika
Chifukwa chophulika kwakukulu chinali mlandu waukulu ku Paris, womwe Goebbels adawamasulira ngati kuwukira kwa Myuda wapadziko lonse ku Germany. Pa Novembala 7, 1939, kazembe waku Germany Ernst vom Rath adaphedwa ku kazembe waku Germany ku France.
Rath adawomberedwa ndi Myuda waku Poland wotchedwa Herschel Grinshpan. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti koyambirira Herschel wazaka 17 adakonza zopha Count Johannes von Welczek, kazembe waku Germany ku France, akufuna kubwezera kwa iye chifukwa chothamangitsa Ayuda kuchokera ku Germany kupita ku Poland.
Komabe, anali Ernst vom Rath, m'malo mwa Welczek, yemwe adalandira Grinszpan ku kazembe. Mnyamatayo adaganiza zothetsa kazembeyo pomuponyera zipolopolo 5. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zenizeni Ernst anali kutsutsa Nazi makamaka chifukwa cha mfundo zotsutsana ndi Semitism ndipo anali ngakhale kuyang'aniridwa mwamwano ndi Gestapo.
Koma Herschel atachita mlanduwu, samadziwa za izi. Pambuyo pa kupha, adasungidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi apolisi aku France. Nkhaniyi italengezedwa kwa Adolf Hitler, nthawi yomweyo anatumiza dokotala wake Karl Brandt ku France, mwachidziwikire kuti akachiritse vom Rath.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti palibe zipolopolo zisanu zomwe zidavulaza thupi la von Rath. Chodabwitsa, adamwalira chifukwa chakuikidwa magazi kosagwirizana ndi Brandt.
Pambuyo pake, kuphedwa kwa kazembe waku Germany kunakonzedwa ndi ntchito zapadera za Nazi, pomwe "kasitomala" anali Fuhrer yekha.
Hitler adasowa chowiringula kuti ayambe kuzunza anthu achiyuda, omwe amanyansidwa nawo kwambiri. Pambuyo pakuphedwa, wamkulu wa Ulamuliro Wachitatu analamula kuti mabuku onse achiyuda ndi malo azikhalidwe ku Germany atsekedwe.
Kampeni yayikulu yabodza yokhudza Ayuda idayambitsidwa mdzikolo. Omwe adakonza kwambiri anali Goebbels, Himmler ndi Heydrich. National Socialist Workers 'Party (NSDAP), yoyimiridwa ndi Goebbels, yalengeza kuti sichidzichititsa manyazi popanga ziwonetsero zilizonse zotsutsana ndi Semiti.
Komabe, ngati ndi chifuniro cha anthu aku Germany, mabungwe achitetezo aku Germany sangalowerere pamwambowu.
Chifukwa chake, aboma adaloleza kupha anthu achiyuda m'bomalo. Anazi, atavala zovala wamba, adayamba kuwononga masitolo achiyuda, masunagoge ndi nyumba zina.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti oimira a Hitler Youth ndi asitikali asintha mwadala zovala wamba kuti asonyeze kuti alibe chochita ndi chipani ndi boma. Mofananamo ndi izi, mautumiki apadera aku Germany adayendera masunagoge onse omwe akufuna kuwononga, kuti apulumutse zikalatazo, zomwe zinali ndi chidziwitso chokhudza Ayuda omwe adabadwa.
Munthawi ya Kristallnacht, malinga ndi malangizo a SD, palibe mlendo m'modzi, kuphatikiza Ayuda akunja, yemwe adavulala. Oyang'anira milandu amamanga Ayuda ambiri momwe angathere m'ndende zam'deralo.
Makamaka apolisi anali akumanga anyamata achichepere. Usiku wa Novembala 9-10, ziwopsezo zachiyuda zidakonzedwa m'mizinda yambiri yaku Germany. Zotsatira zake, masunagoge 9 mwa 12 adawotchedwa ndi "anthu wamba". Komanso, palibe injini imodzi yozimitsa moto yomwe inagwira nawo ntchito yozimitsa motowo.
Ku Vienna kokha, masunagoge opitilira 40 anakhudzidwa. Kutsatira masunagoge, Ajeremani adayamba kuphwanya masitolo achiyuda ku Berlin - palibe m'modzi mwa mashopu omwe adapulumuka. Opha anthuwo mwina adalanda katundu wolandidwa kapena kuponyera pansewu.
Ayuda omwe adakumana ndi a Nazi panjira adamenyedwa kwambiri. Chithunzi chofananacho chinali kuchitika m'mizinda ina yambiri ya Ulamuliro Wachitatu.
Ozunzidwa komanso zotsatira za Kristallnacht
Malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma, Ayuda osachepera 91 adaphedwa pa Kristallnacht. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri a mbiriyakale amakhulupirira kuti anthu amene anafa anali masauzande ambiri. Ayuda ena 30,000 adatumizidwa kumisasa yachibalo.
Katundu wachuma wa Ayuda udawonongedwa, koma akuluakulu aku Germany adakana kubwezera zomwe zawonongedwa ndi chuma cha boma. Poyamba, a Nazi adamasula Ayuda omwe ali mndende pokhapokha atachoka ku Germany.
Komabe, pambuyo pakuphedwa kwa kazembe wina waku Germany ku France, mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi adakana kulandira Ayuda. Zotsatira zake, mwatsoka adayenera kufunafuna mwayi uliwonse wopulumukira ku Ulamuliro Wachitatu.
Olemba mbiri ambiri amavomereza kuti anthu osachepera 2,000 adamwalira m'masabata oyamba Kristallnacht, chifukwa chozunzidwa ndi olondera ndende.
Ngakhale milandu yoopsa ya a Nazi idadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, palibe dziko lomwe lidadzudzula Germany. Madera otsogolera adangoyang'ana mwakachetechete kuphedwa kwa anthu achiyuda, komwe kudayamba pa Kristallnacht.
Pambuyo pake, akatswiri ambiri adzalengeza kuti ngati dziko lapansi likadachitapo kanthu mwachangu pa izi, Hitler sakanatha kuyambitsa kampeni yotsutsana ndi Semiti mwachangu. Komabe, Fuhrer ataona kuti palibe amene akumulepheretsa, adayamba kufafaniza Ayuda mopitilira muyeso.
Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa palibe mayiko omwe amafuna kuwononga ubale wawo ndi Germany, yomwe imadziteteza mwachangu ndikukhala mdani wowopsa.
Joseph Goebbels adafuna kupanga mlandu womwe ungatsimikizire kuti chiwembu chachiyuda padziko lonse lapansi chilipo. Pachifukwa ichi, a Nazi amafunikira Grynshpan, omwe adakonza zopereka kwa anthu ngati "chida" chachiwembu chachiyuda.
Nthawi yomweyo, a Nazi amafuna kuchita zonse malinga ndi lamulo, chifukwa chake Grinshpan adapatsidwa loya. Woyimira milanduyo adapatsa Goebbels chitetezo, malinga ndi momwe wadi yake idapha kazembe waku Germany pazifukwa zake, ubale wokhudzana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha womwe udalipo pakati pa iye ndi Ernst vom Rath.
Ngakhale asanafune kupha Fom Rath, Hitler adadziwa kuti anali gay. Komabe, sanafune kuti izi zidziwike pagulu, chifukwa chake adakana kupanga njira zowonekera pagulu. Pamene Grynszpan anali m'manja mwa Ajeremani, adamutumiza kumsasa wa Sachsenhausen, komwe adamwalira.
Pokumbukira Kristallnacht, Novembala 9th chaka chilichonse, International Day against Fascism, Racism and Anti-Semitism ikukondwerera.
Zithunzi za Kristallnacht
