Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev (1912-1992) - Wasayansi waku Soviet ndi Russia, wolemba, womasulira, wofukula mabwinja, wazaka zakum'mawa, wolemba malo, wolemba mbiri, katswiri wazikhalidwe komanso wafilosofi.
Anamangidwa kanayi, komanso analamulidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 10 kundende, komwe adatumikira ku Kazakhstan, Siberia ndi Altai. Adalankhula zilankhulo 6 ndikumasulira mazana azinthu zakunja.
Gumilev ndiye mlembi wachikhulupiriro cha ethnogenesis. Malingaliro ake, omwe amatsutsana ndi malingaliro asayansi ovomerezeka, amachititsa mikangano ndi mkangano woopsa pakati pa olemba mbiri, akatswiri azikhalidwe komanso asayansi ena.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Lev Gumilyov, amene tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Gumilyov.
Wambiri Lev Gumilyov
Lev Gumilyov adabadwa pa Seputembara 18 (Okutobala 1) 1912 ku St. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la ndakatulo wotchuka Nikolai Gumilyov ndi Anna Akhmatova.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pafupifupi atangobadwa, Kolya wamng'ono anali m'manja osamalira agogo ake Anna Ivanovna Gumileva. Malinga ndi Nikolai, ali mwana, samawona makolo ake kawirikawiri, kotero agogo ake anali munthu wapafupi kwambiri komanso wapamtima kwambiri kwa iye.
Mpaka zaka 5, mwanayo ankakhala pa banja Slepnevo. Komabe, pamene a Bolsheviks adayamba kulamulira, Anna Ivanovna adathawira ku Bezhetsk ndi mdzukulu wake, chifukwa amawopa anthu wamba.
Chaka chotsatira, makolo a Lev Gumilyov anaganiza zopita. Zotsatira zake, iye ndi agogo ake aakazi adasamukira ku Petrograd, komwe abambo ake amakhala. Pa nthawiyo, mbiri, mnyamatayo nthawi zambiri ankakhala ndi bambo ake, omwe nthawi zambiri ankapita ndi mwana wawo kuntchito.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, Gumilyov Sr. adayitanitsa mkazi wake wakale kuti azilankhula ndi Leo. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti panthawiyo Akhmatova anali akukhala limodzi ndi wazaka zakum'mawa Vladimir Shileiko, pomwe Nikolai Gumilyov adakwatiranso ndi Anna Engelhardt.
Pakati pa 1919, agogo anga aakazi ndi mpongozi wawo watsopano ndi ana adakhazikika ku Bezhetsk. Nikolai Gumilyov nthawi zina ankachezera banja lake, kukhala nawo kwa masiku 1-2. Mu 1921, Leo adamva zaimfa ya abambo ake.
Ku Bezhetsk, Lev adakhala ndi zaka 17, atatha kusintha masukulu atatu. Nthawi imeneyi, Anna Akhmatova kawiri kokha anapita kwa mwana wake - mu 1921 ndi 1925. Ali mwana, mnyamatayo anali ndiubwenzi wolimba ndi anzawo.
Gumilyov ankakonda kudzipatula kwa anzawo. Ana onse akamathamanga ndikusewera nthawi yopumula, nthawi zambiri amayima pambali. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pasukulu yoyamba adasiyidwa opanda mabuku, chifukwa amamuwona ngati "mwana wotsutsana naye."
Mu sukulu yachiwiri, Lev adayanjana ndi aphunzitsi Alexander Pereslegin, omwe adakhudza kwambiri umunthu wake. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Gumilev alembane ndi Pereslegin mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake.
Pamene wasayansi wamtsogolo adasintha sukulu kachitatu, talente yolemba idadzuka mwa iye. Mnyamatayo adalemba zolemba ndi nkhani munyuzipepala yakusukulu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti aphunzitsiwo adamupatsa chindapusa cha nkhani "Chinsinsi cha Kuzama kwa Nyanja".
M'zaka za mbiriyi, Gumilev ankakonda kuyendera laibulale ya mzindawo, kuwerenga ntchito za olemba zoweta ndi akunja. Anayesanso kulemba ndakatulo "zosowa", kuyesa kutsanzira abambo ake.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Akhmatova anapondereza zoyesayesa zilizonse za mwana wake kuti alembe ndakatulo, chifukwa chake adabwerera kwa iwo zaka zingapo pambuyo pake.
Nditamaliza sukulu, Lev anapita kwa mayi ake ku Leningrad, kumene kachiwiri maphunziro kalasi 9. Ankafuna kulowa mu Herzen Institute, koma bungweli lidakana kuvomereza zikalatazo chifukwa chaulemu wa mnyamatayo.
Nikolai Punin, yemwe amayi ake anali atakwatirana panthawiyo, adaika Gumilyov ngati wogwira ntchito pafakitaleyo. Pambuyo pake, adalembetsa pamgwirizano wamagwiridwe antchito, komwe adapatsidwa maphunziro opita ku geological.
M'nthawi ya kutukuka, maulendo ankachitika mosazolowereka. Chifukwa chosowa antchito, palibe amene adalabadira komwe ophunzirawo adachokera. Chifukwa cha ichi, mchilimwe cha 1931, Lev Nikolaevich adayamba kuchita kampeni kudera la Baikal.
Chikhalidwe
Olemba mbiri ya Gumilyov akuti mu nthawi ya 1931-1966. adagwira nawo maulendo 21. Komanso, iwo sanali kokha Geological, komanso m'mabwinja ndi ethnographic.
Mu 1933, Lev anayamba kumasulira ndakatulo za olemba Soviet. Kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, adamangidwa koyamba, atakhala m'chipindacho masiku 9. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mnyamatayo sanafunsidwe kapena kuimbidwa mlandu.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Gumilyov analowa mu Leningrad University ku Faculty of History. Popeza makolo ake anali amanyazi ndi utsogoleri wa USSR, adayenera kuchita mosamala kwambiri.
Ku yunivesite, wophunzirayo adadzadulidwa pamwamba pa ophunzira ena onse. Aphunzitsiwo amasilira mozama nzeru za Leo, luntha lake komanso chidziwitso chozama. Mu 1935 adabwereranso kundende, koma chifukwa cha kupembedzera kwa olemba ambiri, kuphatikiza Akhmatova, Joseph Stalin adalola kuti mnyamatayo amasulidwe.
Pamene Gumilev anamasulidwa, adamva za kuchotsedwa kwake ku sukuluyi. Kuchotsedwa ku yunivesite kunakhala tsoka kwa iye. Anataya maphunziro ake ndi nyumba. Zotsatira zake, adakhala ndi njala kwenikweni kwa miyezi ingapo.
Pakati pa 1936, Lev adanyamuka ulendo wina kudutsa Don, kuti akafufuze midzi ya Khazar. Pakutha kwa chaka, adauzidwa zakubwezeretsedwa kwake ku yunivesite, komwe adakondwera nako.
M'chaka cha 1938, pomwe zomwe zimatchedwa "Red Terror" zinali kugwira ntchito mdzikolo, Gumilyov adamangidwa kachitatu. Anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 5 ku Norilsk.
Ngakhale panali zovuta zambiri komanso mayesero, mwamunayo adapeza nthawi yolemba zolemba. Posakhalitsa, pamodzi ndi iye ku ukapolo panali oimira ambiri a anzeru, kulankhulana nawo komwe kunamupatsa chisangalalo chosayerekezeka.
Mu 1944, Lev Gumilyov anadzipereka kutsogolo, komwe adagwira nawo ntchito ya Berlin. Atabwerera kunyumba, adamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite, ndikukhala wolemba mbiri wovomerezeka. Pambuyo pazaka 5 adamumangidwanso ndipo adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 10.
Atakhala zaka 7 ali ku ukapolo, a Lev Nikolaevich adasinthidwa mu 1956. Pofika nthawiyo, mtsogoleri watsopano wa USSR anali Nikita Khrushchev, yemwe adamasula andende ambiri omwe anali mndende pansi pa Stalin.
Atamasulidwa, Gumilyov adagwira ntchito ku Hermitage kwa zaka zingapo. Mu 1961 adateteza bwino mbiri yake ya udokotala m'mbiri. Chaka chotsatira adaloledwa kukagwira ntchito ku Research Institute ku Faculty of Geography ya Leningrad State University, komwe adagwira ntchito mpaka 1987.
Mu 60s, Lev Gumilev anayamba kupanga chiphunzitso chake chotchuka cha ethnogenesis. Anayesetsa kufotokoza momwe mbiri yakale imakhalira komanso momwe zimakhalira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ambiri ogwira nawo ntchito adatsutsa malingaliro a wasayansi, ndikumutcha kuti lingaliro lake ndi pseudoscientific.
Ntchito yayikulu ya wolemba mbiri, "Ethnogenesis ndi Biosphere of the Earth", nawonso adatsutsidwa. Idanenanso kuti makolo aku Russia anali Atatari, ndipo Russia inali kupitiriza kwa gulu la Horde. Kuchokera pamenepa, zidapezeka kuti Russia yamakono imakhala ndi anthu aku Russia-Turkic-Mongol, ochokera ku Eurasia.
Malingaliro ofananawo adanenanso m'mabuku a Gumilyov - "Kuchokera ku Russia kupita ku Russia" komanso "Russia Yakale ndi Great Steppe." Ngakhale wolemba adadzudzulidwa pazikhulupiriro zake, popita nthawi adapanga gulu lalikulu la mafani omwe adagawana malingaliro ake pazakale.
Atakalamba, Lev Nikolaevich adakopeka kwambiri ndi ndakatulo, komwe adachita bwino kwambiri. Komabe, gawo la ntchito ndakatuloyi anataya, ndipo sanathe kufalitsa ntchito moyo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Gumilev adadzitcha "mwana womaliza wa Silver Age."
Moyo waumwini
Kumapeto kwa 1936, Lev adakumana ndi wophunzira ku Mongolia, Ochirin Namsrajav, yemwe amasilira luntha la mnyamatayo komanso maphunziro ake. Ubale wawo udatha mpaka Gumilyov atamangidwa mu 1938.
Mtsikana wachiwiri mu mbiri ya wolemba mbiri anali Natalya Varbanets, yemwe adayamba kulankhulana naye atabwerera kuchokera kutsogolo. Komabe, Natalia anali mchikondi ndi abwana ake, wolemba mbiri wokwatiwa Vladimir Lyublinsky.
Mu 1949, pamene wasayansiyo adatumizidwanso ku ukapolo, makalata oyeserera adayamba pakati pa Gumilev ndi Varbanets. Pafupifupi makalata 60 achikondi apulumuka. Pambuyo pa chikhululukiro, Leo adathetsa mtsikanayo, popeza anali akadakondabe ndi Lublinsky.
Cha m'ma 1950, Gumilev anachita chidwi ndi Natalya Kazakevich wazaka 18, yemwe adamuwona mulaibulale ya Hermitage. Malinga ndi magwero ena, makolo a mtsikanayo anali kutsutsana ndi ubale wa mwana wawo wamkazi ndi munthu wokhwima, ndiye kuti a Leo Nikolayevich adakopa chidwi ndi owerengera owerengera Tatyana Kryukova, yemwe amakonda ntchito yake, koma ubalewu sunapangitse ukwati.
Mu 1966, mwamunayo adakumana ndi wojambula Natalia Simonovskaya. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, okonda adaganiza zokwatirana. Awiriwo adakhala limodzi zaka 24, mpaka imfa ya Gumilyov. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linalibe ana, chifukwa pa nthawi ya ukwati Lev Nikolaevich anali ndi zaka 55, ndipo Natalya 46.
Imfa
Zaka ziwiri asanamwalire, Lev Gumilyov adadwala matenda opha ziwalo, koma adapitilizabe kugwira ntchito atadwala. Panthawiyo, anali ndi zilonda zam'mimba ndipo miyendo yake inkapweteka kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, ndulu yake idachotsedwa. Pa ntchito, wodwalayo anayamba kwambiri magazi.
Wasayansiyo adali chikomokere kwa masabata awiri apitawa. Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov anamwalira pa June 15, 1992 ali ndi zaka 79. Imfa yake idachitika chifukwa chatseka zida zothandizira anthu, malinga ndi lingaliro la madokotala.
Chithunzi ndi Lev Gumilyov
