Publius Ovid Nazon (43 g. Wolemba ndakatulo "Metamorphoses" ndi "Science of Love", komanso maulemerero - "Love Elegies" ndi "Sorrowful Elegies." Adakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu pamabuku aku Europe, kuphatikiza Pushkin, yemwe mu 1821 adapereka uthenga wachikatulo kwa iye.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Ovid, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Ovid.
Mbiri ya Ovid
Ovid adabadwa pa Marichi 20, 43 mumzinda wa Sulmo. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la gulu la equit (okwera pamahatchi).
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Popeza bambo a Ovid anali munthu wolemera, adatha kupatsa ana ake maphunziro abwino.
Luso la mnyamatayo lolemba lidayamba kuwonekera ngati mwana. Makamaka, adatha kulemba ma elegies mosavuta. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ngakhale pomwe amayenera kulemba chiphaso, adatuluka ndakatulo mosadziwa.
Ataphunzira, Ovid, atakakamizidwa ndi abambo ake, adayamba kugwira ntchito zaboma, koma posakhalitsa adaganiza zosiya izi chifukwa cholemba.
Mutu wa banja adakhumudwa kwambiri ndi lingaliro la mwana wawo, koma Ovid adatsimikiza mtima kuchita zomwe amakonda. Anapita ulendo, atapita ku Athens, Asia Minor ndi Sicily.
Pambuyo pake, Ovid adalowa nawo gulu la olemba ndakatulo otchuka, motsogozedwa ndi a Mark Valerius Messal Corvinus. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 18, adayamba kuchita pamaso pa omvera ndi ntchito zake. Kuyambira panthawiyi pomwe olemba mbiri ya Ovid adayamba kuwerengera moyo wake wopanga.
Ndakatulo
Mpaka zaka 25, Ovid makamaka adalemba ndakatulo zazitu zolaula. Ndakatulo yake yoyambirira ndi "Heroids".
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti lero zowona za mavesi ena amafunsidwa, koma mu ndakatulo zambiri, zolemba za Ovid sizikukayika.
Maloboti ake oyambilira akuphatikizanso kutolera ndakatulo "Amores", zolembedwa mu mzimu wa nyimbo zofananira. Ovid adapereka kwa mnzake Corinna. Anakwanitsa kufotokoza bwino momwe anthu akumvera, motsogozedwa ndi zomwe adakumana nazo ndikuwona anthu omwe amuzungulira.
Pambuyo polemba bukuli Ovid adatchuka kwambiri. Iye anali m'modzi mwa olemba ndakatulo aluso kwambiri ku Roma. Pambuyo pake adafalitsa za Medea komanso ntchito yayikulu ya Science of Love.
Amuna ndi akazi amawerenga ndakatulo za Ovid kwa okondedwa awo, kuyesera kufotokoza zakukhosi kwawo ndi chithandizo chawo.
M'chaka chimodzi Ovid adatchulanso ndakatulo ina "The Medicine for Love", pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino. Idalembedwa kwa amuna omwe amafuna kuchotsa akazi ndi atsikana okwiyitsa.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, pokhala wodzaza ndi ntchito zaulemu, wolemba ndakatulo adalemba ndakatulo yoyambira "Metamorphoses". Inapereka chithunzi chanthano cha dziko lapansi kuyambira pakuwonekera kwa danga mpaka pakubwera kwa Julius Caesar.
M'mabuku 15, Ovid adalongosola nthano zakale za 250, zolumikizidwa m'malo onse azomwe zimakhalapo. Zotsatira zake, "Metamorphoses" idadziwika kuti ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Ovid adagwiranso ntchito pagulu la angapo - "Wofulumira". Amafuna kufotokoza miyezi yonse ya kalendala, tchuthi, miyambo, zinthu zachilengedwe ndikupereka zambiri zosangalatsa. Komabe, amayenera kusiya ntchitoyi, chifukwa chosakondedwa ndi Emperor Augustus.
Zikuwoneka kuti Augustus, yemwe pambuyo pake adalamula kuti Ovid athamangitsidwe kuchokera ku Roma kupita ku mzinda wa Tomis, adakwiya ndimawu chifukwa cha "cholakwika" chosadziwika mu imodzi mwa ndakatulo zake. Olemba mbiri yakale a Lyric akuti mfumu sinakonde ntchitoyi, yomwe imasokoneza miyambo ndi mfundo zaboma.
Malinga ndi mtundu wina, zaluso zinali chabe chifukwa chomveka chothanirana ndi Ovid, kubisa zolinga zandale kapena zaumwini.
Ali ku ukapolo, Ovid adadzimva kuti ali ndi chiyembekezo cholimba ku Roma, chifukwa chake adalemba ntchito zachisoni. Adalemba zopereka ziwiri - "Sorrowful Elegies" ndi "Letters from Pontus" (9-12 AD).
Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, Ovid adapanga ntchitoyo "Ibis", yomangidwa ngati temberero, yomwe imanenedwa ndi wansembe paguwa lansembe. Asayansi sangathe kumvana chimodzi kuti ndi ndani kwenikweni amene temberero ili likunenedwa.
"Elegies Yachisoni" idakhala gwero lofunikira kwambiri lazambiri zakuya komanso mbiri yaumwini ya Ovid.
M'ntchito yake, wolemba adalongosola za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku m'moyo wake wamanyazi, adapereka zifukwa zokakamiza, natembenukira kwa abale ndi abwenzi, komanso adapempha chikhululukiro ndi chipulumutso.
M'makalata ochokera ku Ponto, kukhumudwa kwa Ovid kudafika pachimake. Amapempha abwenzi ake kuti amupempherere pamaso pa Ogasiti kuti alankhule za zovuta zake kutali ndi kwawo.
Kumapeto kwa msonkhanowu, ndakatuloyi idapempha mdaniyo kuti amusiye yekha ndipo amulole afe mwamtendere.
Moyo waumwini
Kuchokera ku ntchito za Ovid, zimadziwika kuti anali wokwatiwa katatu.
Mkazi woyamba wa lyricist, yemwe anakwatiwa naye poumirizidwa ndi abambo ake, amayenera kumuteteza kuzinthu zopanda pake komanso zopanda pake. Komabe, khama la mkazi anali pachabe. Mnyamatayo adapitiliza kukhala moyo wopanda ntchito, wokhala ndi akazi angapo.
Zotsatira zake, mkaziyo adaganiza zopatukana ndi Ovid atangokwatirana. Pambuyo pake, woimbayo anakwatira mwa kufuna kwake. Komabe, mgwirizanowu sunakhalitse.
Kwa nthawi yachitatu, Ovid adakwatirana ndi mtsikana wina dzina lake Fabia, yemwe amamukonda kwambiri ndipo amamuyembekezera. Chifukwa cha iye, mwamunayo adasiya kukhala moyo wachipwirikiti, kuthera nthawi yonse ndi mkazi wake.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti Fabia anali ndi mwana wamkazi kuchokera m'banja lapitalo. Ovid analibe ana ake omwe.
Chikondi chachidwi chinasokonezedwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwa wolemba ndakatulo kwa Tomis, komwe adadzipeza yekha. Olemba mbiri yakale amati a Fabia anali mwanjira yolumikizana ndi banja lotchuka la makolo, chifukwa amatha kuthandiza mwamuna wake ku ukapolo.
Imfa
Monga tanena kale, ali ku ukapolo, Ovid adalakalaka kwambiri Roma ndi banja lake. Achibale ndi abwenzi sanathe kunyengerera mfumu kuti imumvere chisoni.
Malinga ndi kunena kwa mawu odziwika kwambiri, Ovid adalota za "kufa pakati pa ntchito," zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake.
Atangolemba Makalata ochokera ku Ponto, Ovid adamwalira mu 17 (18) AD. ali ndi zaka 59. Zomwe zimayambitsa imfa yake sizikudziwika.
Zithunzi za Ovid
