Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - English physicist, masamu, mechanic and astronomer, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa sayansi yakale. Wolemba ntchito yofunikira "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", momwe adaperekera lamulo la kukoka konsekonse ndi malamulo atatu amakaniko.
Adapanga masiyanidwe ndi kuphatikiza ma calculus, chiphunzitso cha utoto, adayala maziko azowoneka zamakono ndikupanga malingaliro ambiri a masamu ndi thupi.
Mbiri ya Newton pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, pamaso panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Isaac Newton.
Mbiri ya Newton
Isaac Newton adabadwa pa Januware 4, 1643 m'mudzi wa Woolstorp, womwe uli m'chigawo cha English cha Lincolnshire. Adabadwira m'banja la mlimi wolemera, Isaac Newton Sr., yemwe adamwalira mwana wake asanabadwe.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Amayi a Isake, Anna Eiskow, adayamba kubadwa msanga, chifukwa chake mnyamatayo adabadwa asanakwane. Mwanayo anali wofooka kwambiri kotero kuti madokotala sanayembekezere kuti apulumuka.
Komabe, Newton adatha kuthamanga ndikukhala ndi moyo wautali. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mutu wa banja, mayi wa wasayansi wamtsogolo adalandira mahekitala mazana angapo a nthaka ndi mapaundi 500, omwe panthawiyo anali ochuluka kwambiri.
Posakhalitsa, Anna anakwatiwanso. Wosankhidwa anali wamwamuna wazaka 63, yemwe adabereka ana atatu.
Nthawi yomweyo mu mbiri yake, Isaac adasowa chidwi cha amayi ake, popeza amasamalira ana ake aang'ono.
Zotsatira zake, Newton adaleredwa ndi agogo ake aakazi, ndipo pambuyo pake ndi amalume awo, a William Ascoe. Pa nthawiyo, mnyamatayo ankakonda kukhala yekha. Anali wamtopola komanso wodzipatula.
Munthawi yake yopuma, Isaac ankakonda kuwerenga mabuku ndikupanga zoseweretsa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza wotchi yamadzi ndi makina amphepo. Komabe, adapitilizabe kudwala pafupipafupi.
Newton ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 10, abambo ake omwalira anamwalira. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, adayamba kupita kusukulu pafupi ndi Grantham.
Mnyamatayo adalandira mendulo zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, adayesa kulemba ndakatulo, kwinaku akupitiliza kuwerenga zolemba zosiyanasiyana.
Pambuyo pake, amayiwo adatenganso mwana wawo wamwamuna wazaka 16 kubwerera kumalowo, ndikuganiza zomusinthira maudindo angapo azachuma. Komabe, Newton monyinyirika anayamba ntchito yamanja, posankha mabuku onse omwewo owerengera ndikupanga njira zosiyanasiyana.
Mphunzitsi wa pasukulu ya Isaac, amalume ake a William Ascoe komanso mnzake wa Humphrey Babington, adatha kukopa Anna kuti alole mnyamatayu waluso kupitiliza maphunziro ake.
Chifukwa cha ichi, mnyamatayo adakwanitsa kumaliza sukulu mu 1661 ndikulowa ku University of Cambridge.
Chiyambi cha ntchito yasayansi
Monga wophunzira, Isaac anali wamkulu, zomwe zidamupatsa mwayi wopeza maphunziro aulere.
Komabe, wophunzirayo adayenera kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana ku yunivesite, komanso kuthandiza ophunzira olemera. Ndipo ngakhale izi zidamukwiyitsa, chifukwa chophunzira, anali wokonzeka kukwaniritsa zopempha zilizonse.
Nthawi imeneyo mu mbiri yake, Isaac Newton akadakondabe kukhala moyo wakutali, wopanda abwenzi apamtima.
Ophunzira adaphunzitsidwa nzeru ndi sayansi yachilengedwe malinga ndi ntchito za Aristotle, ngakhale kuti pofika nthawiyo zomwe Galileo ndi asayansi ena anali atazidziwa kale.
Pa nkhani imeneyi, Newton chinkhoswe mu maphunziro okha, kuphunzira mosamalitsa ntchito za Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler ndi asayansi ena otchuka. Ankachita chidwi ndi masamu, fizikiya, maso, zakuthambo komanso nyimbo.
Isaac ankagwira ntchito molimbika kotero kuti nthawi zambiri anali kusowa chakudya komanso kugona.
Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 21, adayamba kuchita kafukufuku payekha. Posakhalitsa adatulutsa mavuto 45 m'moyo wamunthu ndi chilengedwe omwe alibe mayankho.
Pambuyo pake, Newton adakumana ndi katswiri wamasamu Isaac Barrow, yemwe adakhala mphunzitsi wake komanso m'modzi mwa abwenzi ochepa. Zotsatira zake, wophunzirayo adayamba chidwi kwambiri ndi masamu.
Posakhalitsa, Isaac adatulukira koyamba - kukulitsa kwakukulu kwa wopondereza, kudzera momwe adafikira njira yapadera yokulitsira ntchito kukhala mndandanda wopanda malire. Chaka chomwecho adapatsidwa digiri ya bachelor.
Mu 1665-1667, pomwe mliri udali ku England ndipo nkhondo yowopsa ndi Holland idayambika, wasayansiyo adakhazikika kwakanthawi ku Woustorp.
Munthawi imeneyi, Newton adaphunzira zama optics, kuyesera kufotokoza momwe kuwala kumakhalira. Zotsatira zake, adafika pamtundu wofanana, akuwona kuwala ngati kamchere kamene kamachokera ku gwero linalake.
Ndi pomwe Isaac Newton adatulutsa, mwina, kupezeka kwake kotchuka kwambiri - Law of Universal Gravity.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nkhani yokhudzana ndi apulo yomwe idagwera pamutu pa wofufuzayo ndi nthano chabe. M'malo mwake, Newton anali kuyandikira pang'onopang'ono.
Wafilosofi wotchuka Voltaire anali wolemba nthano yokhudza apulo.
Kutchuka kwasayansi
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1660, Isaac Newton adabwerera ku Cambridge, komwe adalandira digiri ya master, nyumba yogona komanso gulu la ophunzira, omwe adaphunzitsa sayansi zosiyanasiyana.
Panthawiyo, wasayansi adapanga telescope yowunikira, yomwe idamupangitsa kukhala wotchuka ndikumulola kuti akhale membala wa Royal Society ku London.
A chiwerengero chachikulu cha zinthu zofunika zakuthambo anapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi imaonetsa.
Mu 1687 Newton adamaliza ntchito yake yayikulu, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy." Iye adakhala chikhazikitso cha zimango zomveka komanso masamu onse achilengedwe.
Bukuli linali ndi lamulo lokoka mphamvu yokoka, malamulo atatu amakaniko, makina ozungulira dziko lapansi a Copernican, ndi zina zambiri zofunika.
Ntchitoyi inali yodzaza ndi maumboni enieni. Mulibe mawu osamveka bwino komanso matanthauzidwe osamveka omwe amapezeka kwa omwe adatsogolera Newton.
Mu 1699, pamene wofufuzayo anali ndi maudindo akuluakulu oyang'anira, machitidwe adziko lapansi omwe adafotokozedwa adayamba kuphunzitsidwa ku University of Cambridge.
Zolimbikitsa za Newton anali makamaka akatswiri asayansi: Galileo, Descartes, ndi Kepler. Kuphatikiza apo, adayamika kwambiri ntchito za Euclid, Fermat, Huygens, Wallis ndi Barrow.
Moyo waumwini
Moyo wake wonse Newton amakhala ngati bachelor. Ankangoganizira za sayansi yokha.
Mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, wasayansi sankavala magalasi, ngakhale anali ndi myopia pang'ono. Sanaseke kawirikawiri, pafupifupi sanakwiye ndipo anali wodziletsa pamalingaliro.
Isake ankadziwa akaunti ya ndalama, koma sanali wamavuto. Sanawonetse chidwi pamasewera, nyimbo, zisudzo kapena maulendo.
Nthawi yake yonse yopuma Newton adapereka sayansi. Wothandizira wake adakumbukira kuti wasayansi sanalole ngakhale kupumula, akukhulupirira kuti mphindi iliyonse yaulere iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi phindu.
Isaac adakhumudwitsanso kuti adakhala nthawi yayitali akugona. Anakhazikitsa malamulo angapo ndi kudziletsa, omwe nthawi zonse amatsatira mosamalitsa.
Newton adathandizira achibale ndi anzawo pantchito mwachikondi, koma sanayese kupanga mabwenzi, posankha kusungulumwa.
Imfa
Zaka zingapo asanamwalire, thanzi la Newton lidayamba kudwala, chifukwa chake adasamukira ku Kensington. Apa ndipomwe adamwalira.
Isaac Newton adamwalira pa Marichi 20 (31), 1727 ali ndi zaka 84. London yonse idabwera kudzatsanzikana ndi wasayansi wamkulu.
Zithunzi za Newton
