Johann Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) - Wamasamu waku Germany, wamakaniko, wafizikiki, katswiri wazakuthambo komanso wofufuza. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri masamu m'mbiri ya anthu, yemwe amatchedwa "mfumu ya masamu".
Wopambana pa Mendulo ya Copley, membala wakunja kwa Sweden ndi St. Petersburg Academies of Science, English Royal Society.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Gauss, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri ya Karl Gauss.
Gauss mbiri
Karl Gauss adabadwa pa Epulo 30, 1777 mumzinda waku Germany wa Göttingen. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja losavuta, losaphunzira.
Abambo a katswiri wa masamu, a Gebhard Dietrich Gauss, ankagwira ntchito yosamalira maluwa komanso yomanga nyumba, ndipo amayi ake, a Dorothea Benz, anali mwana wa womanga.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Maluso apadera a Karl Gauss adayamba kuwonekera adakali aang'ono. Mwanayo atadutsa zaka 3, anali atadziwa kale kuwerenga ndi kulemba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ali ndi zaka 3, Karl adakonza zolakwika za abambo ake pomwe adachotsa kapena kuwonjezera manambala.
Mnyamatayo adapanga kuwerengera kosiyanasiyana m'malingaliro ake mosavutikira, osagwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera ndi zida zina.
Popita nthawi, a Martin Bartels adakhala mphunzitsi wa Gauss, yemwe pambuyo pake adzaphunzitse Nikolai Lobachevsky. Nthawi yomweyo adazindikira luso lomwe anali nalo mwanayo ndipo adamupeza mwayi wamaphunziro.
Chifukwa cha ichi, Karl adakwanitsa kumaliza maphunziro ake kukoleji komwe adaphunzira mu 1792-1795.
Panthawiyo, mbiri ya mnyamatayo sinali chidwi ndi masamu okha, komanso mabuku, kuwerenga Chingerezi ndi Chifalansa kumagwira ntchito zoyambirira. Kuphatikiza apo, amadziwa bwino Chilatini, momwe adalemba ntchito zake zambiri.
Munthawi yophunzira, Karl Gauss adasanthula kwambiri ntchito za Newton, Euler ndi Lagrange. Ngakhale pamenepo, adatha kutsimikizira lamulo lakubwezera zotsalira za quadratic, zomwe ngakhale Euler sakanatha kuchita.
Mnyamatayo adachititsanso maphunziro pankhani ya "kugawa zolakwika zabwinobwino."
Zochita zasayansi
Mu 1795 Karl adalowa University of Göttingen, komwe adaphunzira zaka 3. Munthawi imeneyi, adapeza zinthu zambiri zosiyana.
Gauss adatha kupanga 17-gon ndi kampasi ndi wolamulira, ndipo adathetsa vuto lakumanga ma polygoni wamba. Nthawi yomweyo, anali kukonda ntchito za elliptic, ma geometry osakhala a Euclidean ndi ma quaternions, omwe adawapeza zaka 30 Hamilton asanachitike.
Polemba zolemba zake, Karl Gauss nthawi zonse amafotokozera malingaliro ake mwatsatanetsatane, kupewa zopanga zosamveka bwino komanso mawu ena aliwonse osatsimikizika.
Mu 1801 katswiri wa masamu adafalitsa buku lake lotchuka la Arithmetic Research. Zinakhudza madera osiyanasiyana masamu, kuphatikiza manambala.
Panthawiyo Gauss adakhala pulofesa wothandizira ku University of Braunschweig, ndipo pambuyo pake adasankhidwa kukhala membala wa Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Ali ndi zaka 24, Karl anayamba chidwi ndi zakuthambo. Adaphunzira zamakina zakumwamba, kuzungulira kwa mapulaneti ang'onoang'ono ndikuwonongeka kwawo. Anakwanitsa kupeza njira yodziwira zinthu zozungulira kuchokera pakuwunika kwathunthu kwa 3.
Posakhalitsa, Gauss adalankhulidwa ku Europe konse. Mayiko ambiri adamupempha kuti agwire ntchito, kuphatikiza Russia.
Karl adakwezedwa kukhala profesa ku Göttingen ndipo adasankhidwanso wamkulu wa Göttingen Observatory.
Mu 1809, mwamunayo adamaliza ntchito yatsopano, yotchedwa "Chiphunzitso cha kayendedwe ka zakuthambo." Mmenemo, adalongosola mwatsatanetsatane chiphunzitso chovomerezeka cha zowerengera za m'mitima ya anthu.
Chaka chotsatira, Gauss adapatsidwa Mphoto ya Paris Academy of Sciences komanso Royal Society ya London Medal Gold. Mawerengedwe ake ndi malingaliro ake adagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, kumutcha "mfumu ya masamu".
M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, Karl Gauss adapitilizabe kupeza zatsopano. Anaphunzira ma hypergeometric angapo ndikuwonetsa umboni woyamba wa theorem yayikulu ya algebra.
Mu 1820 Gauss adasanthula Hanover pogwiritsa ntchito njira zake zatsopano zowerengera. Zotsatira zake, adakhala woyambitsa wa geodey wapamwamba kwambiri. Nthawi yatsopano yawonekera mu sayansi - "kupindika kwa Gaussian".
Nthawi yomweyo, Karl adayala maziko a chitukuko cha masamu osiyana siyana. Mu 1824 adasankhidwa kukhala membala wakunja kwa St. Petersburg Academy of Science.
Chaka chotsatira, katswiri wa masamu adapeza ma integer ovuta a ku Gaussian, ndipo pambuyo pake adasindikiza buku lina "Pa lamulo latsopano lamakina", lomwe lilinso ndi malingaliro atsopano, malingaliro ndi kuwerengera kofunikira.
Popita nthawi, Karl Gauss adakumana ndi mwana wasayansi wachichepere Wilhelm Weber, yemwe adaphunzira naye zamagetsi. Asayansi amapanga telegraph yamagetsi ndikuchita zoyeserera zingapo.
Mu 1839, bambo wazaka 62 adaphunzira Chirasha. Ambiri mwa olemba mbiri yake amati adakwanitsa kuphunzira Chirasha kuti aphunzire zomwe Lobachevsky adapeza, yemwe adamulankhula kwambiri.
Pambuyo pake, Karl adalemba ntchito ziwiri - "Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zakukopa ndi kunyansidwa, zikuchita molingana ndi malo akutali" ndi "Maphunziro a Diopter".
Anzake a Gauss adadabwa ndimachitidwe ake odabwitsa komanso luso la masamu. M'munda uliwonse womwe adagwira, adatha kupeza paliponse ndikusintha zomwe zachitika kale.
Karl sanafalitsepo malingaliro omwe amaganiza kuti anali "obiriwira" kapena osatha. Chifukwa chakuti anachedwa kufalitsa zambiri zomwe anapeza, anali patsogolo pa asayansi ena.
Komabe, zingapo zomwe zakwaniritsidwa ndi Karl Gauss zidamupangitsa kukhala wosafikika pamasamu ndi masayansi ena ambiri.
Chipangizo choyezera maginito kuphatikizira mu CGS, dongosolo la mayeso owerengera zamagetsi zamagetsi, komanso chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zakuthambo, nthawi zonse ku Gaussian, adadziwika pomupatsa ulemu.
Moyo waumwini
Karl anakwatira ali ndi zaka 28 mtsikana wotchedwa Johanna Osthof. Muukwati uwu, ana atatu adabadwa, omwe awiri adapulumuka - mwana wamwamuna Joseph ndi mwana wamkazi Minna.
Mkazi wa Gauss adamwalira patatha zaka 4 atakwatirana, mwana wawo wachitatu atangobadwa kumene.
Patatha miyezi ingapo, wasayansi uja adakwatirana ndi a Wilhelmina Waldeck, mnzake wa mkazi wake womwalirayo. Mgwirizanowu, ana ena atatu adabadwa.
Atatha zaka 21 ali m'banja, a Wilhelmina adamwalira. Gauss adachoka molimbika kwa wokondedwa wake, chifukwa chake adayamba kugona kwambiri.
Imfa
Karl Gauss anamwalira pa 23 February 1855 ku Göttingen ali ndi zaka 77. Chifukwa chothandizira kwambiri pa sayansi, mfumu ya Hanover, George 5, idalamula kuti apange mendulo yosonyeza katswiri wamasamu wamkulu.