Ernest Rutherford, woyamba Baron Rutherford wa Nelson (1871-1937) - Wasayansi waku Britain waku New Zealand. Amadziwika kuti "bambo" wa sayansi ya zida za nyukiliya. Mlengi wa mapulaneti a atomu. 1908 Mphoto ya Nobel mu Chemistry
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Ernest Rutherford, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Rutherford.
Mbiri ya Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford adabadwa pa Ogasiti 30, 1871 m'mudzi wa Spring Grove (New Zealand). Anakulira m'banja la mlimi, James Rutherford, ndi mkazi wake, Martha Thompson, yemwe anali mphunzitsi pasukulu.
Kuphatikiza pa Ernest, ana ena 11 adabadwa m'banja la Rutherford.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Kuyambira ali mwana, a Ernest anali osiyana ndi chidwi komanso kulimbikira. Anali ndi zokumbukira zozizwitsa komanso anali mwana wathanzi komanso wamphamvu.
Wasayansi wamtsogolo adamaliza maphunziro aulemu ku pulayimale, pambuyo pake adalowa ku Nelson College. Sukulu yake yotsatira inali Canterbury College, ku Christchurch.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Rutherford adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi chemistry ndi physics.
Ali ndi zaka 21, Ernest adalandira mphotho yolemba ntchito yabwino kwambiri mu masamu ndi fizikiya. Mu 1892 adapatsidwa dzina la Master of Arts, pambuyo pake adayamba kuchita kafukufuku wasayansi komanso kuyesa.
Ntchito yoyamba ya Rutherford idatchedwa - "Magnetisation of iron in high-frequency discharges." Idawunika momwe mafunde amafupipafupi amathandizira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Ernest Rutherford anali woyamba kusonkhanitsa wailesi, patsogolo pa yemwe adamupanga Marconi. Chida ichi chidakhala chowunikira choyamba cha maginito padziko lapansi.
Kudzera mwa detector, Rutherford adakwanitsa kulandira zikwangwani zomwe adapatsidwa ndi anzawo, omwe anali patali pafupifupi kilomita kuchokera kwa iye.
Mu 1895, Ernest adapatsidwa mwayi woti akaphunzire ku Great Britain. Zotsatira zake, anali ndi mwayi wopita ku England kukagwira ntchito ku Cavendish Laboratory ku Cambridge University.
Zochita zasayansi
Ku Britain, mbiri ya sayansi ya a Ernest Rutherford adayamba momwe angathere.
Ku yunivesite, wasayansiyo adakhala woyamba kuphunzira udokotala wa rector Joseph Thomson. Panthawiyi, mnyamatayo anali kufufuza za ionization ya mpweya motsogoleredwa ndi X-ray.
Ali ndi zaka 27, Rutherford adachita chidwi ndikuphunzira za uranium radioactive radiation - "Becquerel ray". Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti Pierre ndi Marie Curie adachitanso naye zoyeserera za radiation.
Pambuyo pake, Ernest adayamba kufufuza mozama za theka la moyo, zomwe zidakonza mawonekedwe azinthu, potero zimatsegula gawo la moyo.
Mu 1898 Rutherford adapita kukagwira ntchito ku McGill University ku Montreal. Pali anayamba kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi English radiochemist Frederick Soddy, amene panthawiyo anali wophweka labotale mu dipatimenti mankhwala.
Mu 1903, Ernest ndi Frederick adapereka kwa asayansi lingaliro losintha pakusintha kwa zinthu pakapangidwe ka radioactive. Posakhalitsa adakhazikitsa malamulo akusintha.
Pambuyo pake, malingaliro awo adakwaniritsidwa ndi Dmitry Mendeleev pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la periodic. Chifukwa chake, zidawonekeratu kuti zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala zimadalira kuchuluka kwa maatomu ake.
Pa mbiri ya 1904-1905. Rutherford adafalitsa ntchito ziwiri - "Radioactivity" ndi "Radioactive kusintha".
M'ntchito zake, wasayansiyo anazindikira kuti maatomu ndiwo gwero la ma radiation. Adachita zoyeserera zambiri pazithunzi zopindika zagolide ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono.
Ernest Rutherford anali woyamba kupereka lingaliro la kapangidwe ka atomu. Adanenanso kuti atomu ili ndi mawonekedwe a dontho lokhala ndi chiwongola dzanja, chokhala ndi ma elekitironi oyipa mkati mwake.
Pambuyo pake, wasayansiyo adapanga pulaneti ya atomu. Komabe, mtunduwu udatsutsana ndi malamulo amagetsi opangidwa ndi James Maxwell ndi Michael Faraday.
Asayansi atha kutsimikizira kuti chiwongolero chofulumira chimasowa mphamvu chifukwa cha radiation yamagetsi yamagetsi. Pachifukwa ichi, Rutherford amayenera kupitiliza kukonza malingaliro ake.
Mu 1907 Ernest Rutherford adakhazikika ku Manchester, komwe adayamba ntchito ku University of Victoria. Chaka chotsatira, adapanga kachipangizo ka alpha ndi Hans Geiger.
Pambuyo pake, Rutherford adayamba kugwira ntchito ndi Niels Bohr, yemwe anali wolemba ziphunzitso za quantum. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo azindikira kuti ma elekitironi amayenda kuzungulira pamzere wapanjira.
Chitsanzo chawo chachikulu cha atomu chinali chitukuko mu sayansi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti asayansi onse aganizirenso malingaliro awo pankhani ndi mayendedwe.
Ali ndi zaka 48, Ernest Rutherford adakhala pulofesa ku Yunivesite ya Cambridge. Panthawiyo mu mbiri yake, anali ndi mbiri yotchuka pagulu ndipo anali ndi mphotho zambiri zapamwamba.
Mu 1931 Rutherford adapatsidwa dzina la Baron. Panthawiyo adayesa kuyesa kugawanika kwa ma atomiki ndikusintha kwamankhwala. Kuphatikiza apo, adasanthula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa misa ndi mphamvu.
Moyo waumwini
Mu 1895, panali mgwirizano pakati pa Ernest Rutherford ndi Mary Newton. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mtsikanayo anali mwana wamkazi wa hostess wa nyumba zogona, momwe filosofi ankakhala nthawi imeneyo.
Achinyamata adakwatirana patatha zaka 5. Posakhalitsa banjali linali ndi mwana wawo wamkazi mmodzi yekhayo, yemwe anamutcha dzina lake Eileen Mary.
Imfa
Ernest Rutherford adamwalira pa Okutobala 19, 1937, patatha masiku 4 atachitidwa opareshoni mwachangu chifukwa cha matenda osayembekezereka - nthenda ya khola. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, wasayansi wamkulu anali ndi zaka 66.
Rutherford anaikidwa m'manda ndi ulemu wonse ku Westminster Abbey. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adayikidwa m'manda pafupi ndi manda a Newton, Darwin ndi Faraday.
Chithunzi ndi Ernest Rutherford
