Franz Kafka (1883-1924) - Wolemba Chijeremani, adamuwona ngati m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri m'mabuku azaka za zana la 20. Zambiri mwa ntchito zake zidasindikizidwa atamwalira.
Ntchito za wolemba ndizodzaza ndi zopanda pake komanso mantha akunja, kuphatikiza zinthu zenizeni ndi zongopeka.
Masiku ano, ntchito ya Kafka ndi yotchuka kwambiri, pomwe panthawi ya wolemba, sizinadzutse chidwi cha owerenga.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Kafka, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Franz Kafka.
Mbiri ya Kafka
Franz Kafka adabadwa pa Julayi 3, 1883 ku Prague. Anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lachiyuda. Abambo ake, Herman, anali wamalonda wochita zachiwerewere. Amayi, a Julia, anali mwana wamkazi wa kampani yopanga moŵa wambiri.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Kuphatikiza pa Franz, makolo ake anali ndi ana ena asanu, awiri mwa iwo omwe adamwalira adakali aang'ono. Zakale zamtsogolo zidasiyidwa ndi makolo ake ndipo zimamveka ngati cholemetsa mnyumba.
Monga lamulo, abambo a Kafka amakhala masiku awo akugwira ntchito, ndipo amayi ake amakonda kusamalira ana awo aakazi atatu. Pachifukwa ichi, Franz adasiyidwa yekha. Kuti mwanjira ina asangalale, mnyamatayo adayamba kulemba nkhani zosiyanasiyana zomwe sizinasangalatse aliyense.
Mutu wabanja adakhudza kwambiri mapangidwe a Franz. Anali wamtali komanso anali ndi mawu otsika, chifukwa chake mwanayo adamva ngati pafupi ndi abambo ake namwali. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kudziona kuti ndi wonyozeka kwamthupi kunazunza wolemba mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake.
Herman Kafka adawona mwa mwana wake wolowa m'malo mwa bizinesiyo, koma wamanyazi komanso wamanyazi anali kutali ndi zomwe kholo limafuna. Mwamunayo adalera ana mwankhanza, kuwaphunzitsa kulanga.
M'modzi mwa makalata omwe adalembera abambo ake, a Franz Kafka adalongosola zomwe adachita atamuthamangitsa pakhonde lozizira chifukwa choti adapempha madzi akumwa. Nkhani yoyipayi komanso yopanda chilungamo idzakumbukiridwa kwanthawi zonse ndi wolemba.
Pamene Franz anali ndi zaka 6, adapita kusukulu yakomweko, komwe adalandira maphunziro ake a pulaimale. Pambuyo pake, adalowa m'malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi. Pazaka za maphunziro ake aubwana, mnyamatayo adachita nawo zisudzo komanso kuchita zisudzo mobwerezabwereza.
Kafka adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Charles University, komwe adalandira udokotala wake. Kukhala katswiri mbiri yabwino, mnyamatayo anapeza ntchito mu dipatimenti ya inshuwaransi.
Mabuku
Pogwira ntchito ku dipatimentiyi, Franz ankachita nawo inshuwaransi yovulala pantchito. Komabe, izi sizinadzutse chidwi chilichonse kwa iye, popeza amanyansidwa ndi oyang'anira, ogwira nawo ntchito komanso makasitomala.
Koposa zonse, Kafka ankakonda mabuku, omwe anali tanthauzo la moyo kwa iye. Komabe, tiyenera kudziwa kuti chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwa wolemba, zikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito pakupanga zidakonzedwa kudera lonse lakumpoto la dzikolo.
Oyang'anira adayamika ntchito ya Franz Kafka kotero kuti kwa zaka pafupifupi 5 sanakhutire nawo ntchito yopuma pantchito, atapezeka kuti ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu pakati pa 1917.
Pomwe Kafka adalemba ntchito zingapo, sanayerekeze kuzitumiza kuti zisindikize, chifukwa amadziona ngati wopondereza. Zolemba pamanja zonse za wolemba zidatengedwa ndi mnzake Max Brod. Wachiwiriyu adayesa kukopa Franz kuti afalitse ntchito yake kwanthawi yayitali ndipo patapita kanthawi adakwaniritsa cholinga chake.
Mu 1913, kusonkhanitsa "Contemplation" kunasindikizidwa. Otsutsa olemba mabuku adalankhula za Franz ngati wopanga zatsopano, koma iyemwini anali wotsutsa ntchito yake. Pa nthawi ya moyo wa Kafka, zopereka zina zitatu zidasindikizidwa: "The Village Doctor", "Kara" ndi "Golodar".
Ndipo komabe ntchito zofunikira kwambiri za Kafka zidawona kuwunika atamwalira wolemba. Mwamunayo ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 27, iye ndi Max adapita ku France, koma atatha masiku 9 adakakamizika kubwerera kwawo chifukwa chakumva kuwawa m'mimba.
Posakhalitsa, Franz Kafka adayamba kulemba buku, lomwe pamapeto pake linadziwika kuti America. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti adalemba zambiri m'Chijeremani, ngakhale amalankhula bwino ku Czech. Monga lamulo, ntchito zake zidadzazidwa ndimantha akunja komanso khothi lalikulu kwambiri.
Buku lake likakhala m'manja mwa owerenga, "adayambanso" kutenga nkhawa komanso kutaya mtima. Monga katswiri wamaganizidwe obisika, Kafka adalongosola mosamalitsa zenizeni zenizeni zadziko lapansi, pogwiritsa ntchito mafanizo owoneka bwino.
Ingotenga nkhani yake yotchuka "The Metamorphosis", momwe munthu wamkulu amatembenukira ku tizilombo tambiri. Asanasinthe, mwamunayo adapeza ndalama zambiri ndikusamalira banja lake, koma atakhala tizilombo, abale ake adamusiya.
Iwo sanali kusamala za dziko labwino lamkati la khalidweli. Achibale adachita mantha ndi mawonekedwe ake komanso kuzunzika kosaneneka komwe adawawonetsera mosadziwa, kuphatikiza kutaya ntchito komanso kulephera kudzisamalira. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti Franz Kafka sakufotokoza zomwe zidabweretsa kusintha koteroko, ndikukopa owerenga kuti adziwe zomwe zidachitikazo.
Komanso wolemba atamwalira, mabuku awiri ofunikira adasindikizidwa - "The Trial" ndi "The Castle". Ndizomveka kunena kuti mabuku onsewa sanatsirize. Ntchito yoyamba idapangidwa panthawiyo mu mbiri yake, pomwe Kafka adasiyana ndi wokondedwa wake Felicia Bauer ndipo adadziona ngati woneneza amene ali ndi ngongole kwa aliyense.
Madzulo a imfa yake, Franz analangiza Max Brod kuti awotche ntchito zake zonse. Wokondedwa wake, Dora Diamant, adawotcha ntchito zonse za Kafka zomwe anali nazo. Koma Brod sanamvere chifuniro cha wakufayo ndipo adafalitsa ntchito zake zambiri, zomwe posakhalitsa zidayamba kudzutsa chidwi chachikulu pagulu.
Moyo waumwini
Kafka anali wowoneka bwino kwambiri m'maonekedwe ake. Mwachitsanzo, asanapite ku yunivesite, amatha kuimirira pamaso pagalasi kwa maola ambiri, akumayang'ana nkhope yake ndi makongoletsedwe ake. Kwa iwo omwe anali pafupi naye, mnyamatayo adapanga chithunzi cha munthu waudongo ndi wodekha ndi malingaliro komanso nthabwala.
Mwamuna wowonda komanso wowonda, Franz adasinthiratu mawonekedwe ake ndikusewera masewera pafupipafupi. Komabe, analibe mwayi ndi akazi, ngakhale sanamulepheretse chidwi chawo.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, Franz Kafka analibe ubale wapamtima ndi anyamata kapena atsikana, mpaka abwenzi ake atamubweretsa kunyumba yachigololo. Zotsatira zake, m'malo mwa chisangalalo choyembekezeredwa, adanyansidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zidachitika.
Kafka adakhala moyo wosasangalala kwambiri. Pa mbiri ya 1912-1917. adali pachibwenzi ndi Felicia Bauer kawiri ndipo adathetsa chibwenzicho kangapo ngati akuwopa moyo wabanja. Pambuyo pake adachita chibwenzi ndi womasulira mabuku ake - Milena Yessenskaya. Komabe, nthawi ino sanabwere kuukwati.
Imfa
Kafka adadwala matenda angapo osatha. Kuphatikiza pa chifuwa chachikulu, amadwala mutu waching'alang'ala, kusowa tulo, kudzimbidwa ndi matenda ena. Anakulitsa thanzi lake ndikudya zamasamba, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mkaka wambiri.
Komabe, zonsezi palibe amene anathandiza wolemba kuchotsa matenda ake. Mu 1923 adapita ku Berlin ndi Dora Diamant wina, komwe adakonzekera kuyang'ana kwambiri pakulemba. Apa thanzi lake linakulirakulirabe.
Chifukwa cha chifuwa chachikulu cha kholingo, mwamunayo adamva zowawa zazikulu kwakuti samatha kudya. Franz Kafka anamwalira pa June 3, 1924 ali ndi zaka 40. Chifukwa cha imfa yake mwachiwonekere chinali kutopa.
Zithunzi za Kafka
