Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa - Wasayansi waku Soviet, mainjiniya komanso wopanga zatsopano. V. Lomonosov (1959). Anali membala wa USSR Academy of Science, Royal Society yaku London komanso US National Academy of Science. Chevalier wa 6 Malamulo a Lenin.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Petr Kapitsa zomwe zingakusangalatseni.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Peter Kapitsa.
Mbiri ya Peter Kapitsa
Petr Kapitsa adabadwa pa Juni 26 (Julayi 8) 1894 ku Kronstadt. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lophunzira.
Bambo ake, Leonid Petrovich, anali katswiri wa zomangamanga, ndi mayi ake, Olga Ieronimovna, kuphunzira nthano ndi mabuku a ana.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Peter ali ndi zaka 11, makolo ake adamutumiza ku sukulu yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi. Nkhani yovuta kwambiri kwa mnyamatayo inali Chilatini, chomwe samatha kuchidziwa.
Pachifukwa ichi, chaka chamawa Kapitsa adasamukira ku Kronstadt School. Apa adalandira mamaki apamwamba pamakalasi onse, akumaliza maphunziro ake ndi ulemu.
Pambuyo pake, mnyamatayo adaganizira mozama za moyo wake wamtsogolo. Zotsatira zake, adalowa ku St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute ku Dipatimenti ya Electromechanics.
Posakhalitsa, wophunzira walusoyu adadzipangitsa kudzidalira ndi katswiri wodziwika wa sayansi Abramu Iebe. Aphunzitsiwo adamupatsa ntchito ku labotale yake.
Iebe adayesetsa kuti Pyotr Kapitsa akhale katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito zake. Komanso, mu 1914 adamuthandiza kuti apite ku Scotland. Munali mdziko muno momwe wophunzirayo adagwidwa ndi Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse (1914-1918).
Patapita miyezi ingapo, Kapitsa adakwanitsa kubwerera kwawo, pambuyo pake adapita kutsogolo. Wachichepereyu anali woyendetsa mu ambulansi.
Mu 1916, Pyotr Kapitsa adachotsedwa ntchito, kenako adabwerera ku St. Petersburg, komwe adapitilizabe kuchita nawo zasayansi. Munali munthawi ya mbiri yakeyi pomwe nkhani yake yoyamba idasindikizidwa.
Zochita zasayansi
Ngakhale asanateteze diploma yake, Iebe adaonetsetsa kuti Peter wagwiridwa ntchito ku Roentgenological and Radiological Institute. Kuphatikiza apo, womulangizayo adamuthandiza kupita kunja kuti akapeze chidziwitso chatsopano.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti panthawiyo zinali zovuta kwambiri kupeza chilolezo chopita kunja. Chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi a Maxim Gorky, Kapitsa adaloledwa kupita ku Great Britain.
Ku Britain, wophunzira waku Russia adayamba kugwira ntchito ku Cavendish Laboratory. Mtsogoleri wawo anali wasayansi wamkulu Ernest Rutherford. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri, Peter anali kale wogwira ntchito ku Cambridge.
Tsiku lililonse wasayansi wachinyamata adapanga maluso ake, ndikuwonetsa chidziwitso chazambiri komanso zothandiza. Kapitsa adayamba kufufuza mozama magwiridwe antchito amagetsi, ndikupanga zoyeserera zambiri.
Imodzi mwa ntchito zoyambirira za sayansi inali kuphunzira kwa maginito mphindi ya atomu yomwe ili mkati mwamphamvu yamaginito, limodzi ndi Nikolai Semenov. Kafukufukuyu adabweretsa kuyesera kwa Stern-Gerlach.
Ali ndi zaka 28, Pyotr Kapitsa adateteza bwino digiri yake ya udokotala, ndipo patatha zaka 3 adasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa director of the laboratory for magnetic research.
Kenako Peter Leonidovich anali membala wa Royal Society ya London. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adasanthula kusintha kwa zida za nyukiliya komanso kuwonongeka kwa nyukiliya.
Kapitsa adakwanitsa kupanga zida zomwe zimaloleza kupanga maginito amphamvu. Zotsatira zake, adakwanitsa kuchita bwino kwambiri m'derali, kuposa onse omwe adalipo kale.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kuyenerera kwa wasayansi waku Russia adadziwika ndi Lev Landau mwini.
Kuti apitirize ntchito yake, Pyotr Kapitsa anaganiza zobwerera ku Russia, popeza zinali zofunikira kuti aphunzire sayansi ya kutentha pang'ono.
Akuluakulu aku Soviet Union adakondwera ndikubwerera kwa wasayansi uja. Komabe, a Kapitsa adapereka lingaliro limodzi: kumulola kuti atuluke ku Soviet Union nthawi iliyonse.
Posakhalitsa zidadziwika kuti boma la Soviet lidachotsa visa ya a Peter Kapitsa aku Britain. Izi zidapangitsa kuti asakhale ndi ufulu wochoka ku Russia.
Asayansi aku Britain adayesa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti akope zochita zopanda chilungamo za utsogoleri wa Soviet, koma zoyesayesa zawo zonse zidalephera.
Mu 1935, Petr Leonidovich adakhala mtsogoleri wa Institute for Physical Problems ku Russian Academy of Sciences. Ankakonda sayansi kwambiri kotero kuti chinyengo cha akuluakulu aku Soviet Union sichinamupangitse kusiya ntchito.
Kapitsa adapempha zida zomwe adagwirako ku England. Potengera zomwe zinali kuchitika, Rutherford adasankha kuti asasokoneze kugulitsa zida ku Soviet Union.
Wophunzira adapitilizabe kuyesa zamagetsi zamagetsi. Patatha zaka zingapo, adasintha makina opangira makina, momwe kuwongolera kwa mpweya kumawonjezerera kwambiri. Helium anali basi utakhazikika mu expander ndi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zida zoterezi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano. Komabe, kupezeka kwakukulu mu mbiri ya Pyotr Kapitsa kunali chodabwitsa cha helium superfluidity.
Kuperewera kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe pazinthu zotentha pansi pa 2 ° C chinali lingaliro losayembekezeka. Chifukwa chake, fizikiya ya zakumwa zamadzimadzi zidayamba.
Akuluakulu aku Soviet Union adatsata mosamala ntchito ya wasayansiyo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, iye anali kupereka nawo chilengedwe cha bomba la atomiki.
Ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kuti Petr Kapitsa adakana kuchita nawo mgwirizano, ngakhale malingaliro omwe anali othandiza kwa iye. Zotsatira zake, adachotsedwa pantchito zasayansi ndikuweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 8.
Oponderezedwa kuchokera mbali zonse, Kapitsa sanafune kuvomereza zomwe zinali kuchitika. Posakhalitsa adakwanitsa kupanga labotale ku dacha lake. Kumeneko anachita zoyesera ndikuphunzira mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Pyotr Kapitsa adatha kuyambiranso ntchito yake yasayansi atamwalira Stalin. Pa nthawiyo anali kuphunzira plasma yotentha kwambiri.
Pambuyo pake, pamaziko a ntchito za sayansi ya zakuthupi, nyukiliya yamagetsi inamangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, a Kapitsa anali ndi chidwi ndi zida za mphezi za mpira, ma jenereta a microwave ndi plasma.
Ali ndi zaka 71, Pyotr Kapitsa adapatsidwa mendulo ya Niels Bohr, yomwe adapatsidwa ku Denmark. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, anali ndi mwayi wokwanira kupita ku America.
Mu 1978 Kapitsa adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fiziki chifukwa cha kafukufuku wake pamatentha otsika.
Wasayansi amatchedwa "Kapitsa's pendulum" - chochitika chamakina chomwe chimasonyeza kukhazikika kunja kwa mikhalidwe. Mphamvu ya Kapitza-Dirac ikuwonetsa kufalikira kwa ma elekitironi pamafunde amagetsi.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi woyamba wa Peter anali Nadezhda Chernosvitova, yemwe anamukwatira ali ndi zaka 22. Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi mwana wamwamuna Jerome ndi mtsikana Nadezhda.
Chilichonse chinali kuyenda bwino mpaka nthawi yomwe banja lonse, kupatula Kapitsa, adadwala chimfine ku Spain. Zotsatira zake, mkazi wake komanso ana onse adamwalira ndi matenda owopsawa.
Peter Kapitsa adathandizidwa kupulumuka tsokali ndi amayi ake, omwe adayesetsa kuthana ndi mavuto amwana wawo.
M'dzinja la 1926, wasayansi adakumana ndi Anna Krylova, yemwe anali mwana wamkazi wa mnzake. Achinyamatawa adawonetsa chidwi, chifukwa chake adaganiza zokwatirana chaka chamawa.
Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi anyamata awiri - Sergey ndi Andrey. Pamodzi ndi Anna, Peter adakhala zaka 57. Kwa mwamuna wake, mkazi sanali kokha mkazi wokhulupirika, komanso womuthandizira pa ntchito yake yasayansi.
Munthawi yake yaulere, Kapitsa ankakonda chess, kukonza mawotchi komanso ukalipentala.
Petr Leonidovich anayesera kutsatira kalembedwe kamene adapanga ali moyo ku Great Britain. Ankakonda kwambiri fodya ndipo ankakonda kuvala masuti a tweed.
Kuphatikiza apo, a Kapitsa amakhala mchinyumba chaching'ono cha Chingerezi.
Imfa
Mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, wasayansi waku Russia adachita chidwi ndi sayansi. Anapitiliza kugwira ntchito mu labotale ndikuyang'anira Institute for Physical Problems.
Masabata angapo asanamwalire, wophunzirayo adadwala matenda opha ziwalo. Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa adamwalira pa Epulo 8, 1984, osayambukanso, ali ndi zaka 89.
Kwa moyo wake wonse, wasayansi anali womenyera nkhondo mwamtendere. Iye anali wothandizira umodzi wa asayansi achi Russia ndi America. Pokumbukira iye, Russian Academy of Science idakhazikitsa P. L. Kapitsa Mendulo ya Golide.
Chithunzi ndi Petr Kapitsa
