Tikayang'ana moyo wamakono, wina angaganize kuti khofi wapita ndi munthu kuyambira kalekale. Kofi amamwekedwa kunyumba ndi kuntchito ndipo amapatsidwa malo ogulitsira mumsewu ndi malo odyera omaliza. Pafupifupi palibe zotsatsa zilizonse pawailesi yakanema zomwe zatha popanda kanema wonena zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi. Zikuwoneka kuti zakhala motere - palibe amene amafunikira kufotokoza kuti khofi ndi chiyani.
Koma, chikhalidwe cha ku Europe chomwa khofi, malinga ndi umboni wakale, sichinakwanitse zaka 400 - chikho choyamba chakumwa ichi chidasinthidwa ku Italy mu 1620. Khofi ndi wocheperako, titero, wobwera kuchokera ku America fodya, mbatata, tomato ndi chimanga. Mwinanso tiyi, mdani wamkulu wa khofi, adawoneka ku Europe pambuyo pake. Munthawi imeneyi, khofi wakhala chinthu choyenera kukhala nacho kwa anthu mamiliyoni mazana ambiri. Akuti anthu osachepera 500 miliyoni amayamba tsiku lawo ndi khofi.
Khofi amapangidwa ndi nyemba za khofi, zomwe ndi mbewu za zipatso za mitengo ya khofi. Pambuyo pazinthu zosavuta - kutsuka, kuyanika ndi kuwotcha - mbewu zimasanduka ufa. Uwu ndi ufa womwe umakhala ndi zinthu zothandiza ndikutsata zomwe zimafulidwa kuti upeze chakumwa cholimbikitsa. Kupanga kwaukadaulo kwapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga khofi wapompopompo, yemwe safuna kukonzekera kwakanthawi komanso kovuta. Ndipo kutchuka ndi kupezeka kwa khofi, limodzi ndi malonda a anthu, zapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakumwa.
1. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amawerenga zakutchire mitundu yoposa 90 ya mitengo ya khofi, koma ndi iwiri yokha "yokhazikitsidwa" mwa mitengo yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pamalonda: Arabica ndi Robusta. Mitundu ina yonse ilibe 2% yathunthu yopanga khofi. Komanso, pakati pa mitundu yabwino kwambiri, Arabica imapambana - imapangidwa kawiri kuposa Robusta. Pofuna kuziphweketsa mopitirira muyeso, titha kunena kuti Arabica ndiye, makamaka, kukoma ndi fungo la khofi, robusta ndiye kuuma ndi kuwawa kwa chakumwa. Khofi aliyense wapansi m'mashelufu am'masitolo ndi chisakanizo cha Arabica ndi Robusta.
2. Mayiko opanga (alipo 43) ndipo oitanitsa khofi (33) ndi ogwirizana ku International Coffee Organisation (ICO). Mayiko mamembala a ICO amawongolera 98% ya khofi komanso 67% yogwiritsa ntchito. Kusiyana kwamanambala kumafotokozedwa ndikuti ICO siyiphatikiza United States ndi China, yomwe imadya khofi wambiri. Ngakhale kuyimilira kwakukulu, ICO, mosiyana ndi OPEC yamafuta, ilibe gawo lililonse pakupanga kapena mitengo ya khofi. Bungweli ndiwosakanikirana ndi ofesi yowerengera anthu komanso ntchito yotumiza makalata.
3. Khofi adabwera ku Europe mu XVII ndipo nthawi yomweyo adazindikira koyamba ndi gulu labwino, kenako ndi anthu osavuta. Komabe, akuluakulu aboma, akudziko komanso auzimu, adanyoza chakumwa cholimbitsachi. Mafumu ndi apapa, sultan ndi akalonga, ma burgomasters ndi makhonsolo am'mizinda adanyamula zida za khofi. Chifukwa chomwa khofi, amalipiritsidwa chindapusa, kulangidwa, kumangidwa katundu ngakhalenso kuphedwa kumene. Komabe, popita nthawi, nthawi zonse komanso kulikonse, kunapezeka kuti khofi, ngakhale amaletsedwa komanso kudzudzulidwa, yakhala imodzi mwa zakumwa zotchuka kwambiri. Pafupifupi, okhawo ndi Great Britain ndi Turkey, omwe amamwa tiyi wambiri kuposa khofi.
4. Monga kuchuluka kwamafuta kumayesedwa m'migolo yoyamba yosamvetsetseka, kuchuluka kwa khofi kumayesedwa m'matumba (matumba) - nyemba za khofi nthawi zambiri zimanyamulidwa m'matumba akulemera makilogalamu 60. Ndiye kuti, uthenga woti mzaka zaposachedwa kapangidwe ka khofi wasintha m'chigawo cha matumba 167 - 168 miliyoni, kutanthauza kuti wapangidwa pafupifupi matani 10 miliyoni.
5. "Kudula", kungakhale koyenera kutchula "khofi". Mwambo wosangalatsa woperekera zakudya ndi ndalama unapezeka m'nyumba zaku khofi ku England m'zaka za zana la 18. Panali malo ogulitsira khofi mazana nthawi imeneyo, ndipo, nthawi yayitali kwambiri, sakanatha kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa makasitomala. Ku London, matebulo osiyana adayamba kuwonekera m'nyumba za khofi momwe khofi amapezedwera opanda pamzere. Pamatebulo awa panali makapu amowa a malata omwe amalembedwa kuti "Kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito ikuchitika mwachangu". Mwamuna wina adaponya ndalama mgulu, idalira, ndipo woperekera zakudya adanyamula khofi pagome ili, kukakamiza makasitomala wamba kunyambita milomo yawo. Chifukwa chake operekera zakudya adadzipezera ufulu wolandila mphotho yowonjezerapo, yotchulidwapo, ndi cholembedwa pa chikhocho, MALANGIZO. Ku Russia panthawiyo ankamwa khofi mnyumba yachifumu yokha, chifukwa chake "ndalama zowonjezera" zogonana kapena woperekera zakudya amatchedwa "nsonga". Ndipo ku England komweko, adayamba kumwa tiyi m'makale zaka zana zokha pambuyo pake.
6.Rwanda ndi yotchuka ngati dziko la mu Africa, komwe mu 1994 anthu opitilila miliyoni adaphedwa pakupha anthu chifukwa cha mafuko. Koma pang'onopang'ono anthu aku Rwanda agonjetsa zotsatira za tsokalo ndikumanganso chuma, gawo lofunikira kwambiri ndi khofi. 2/3 yakutumiza ku Rwanda ndi khofi. Chuma chamtundu wina waku Africa, kutengera mtengo wamtengo wake wonse, ambiri angaganize. Koma ponena za Rwanda, malingaliro awa ndi olakwika. Pazaka 20 zapitazi, akuluakulu adziko lino alimbikitsa kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa nyemba za khofi. Opanga abwino kwambiri amapatsidwa mbande zaulere kwaulere. Amalandira mphotho ya njinga ndi zinthu zina zapamwamba m'dziko losaukali. Alimi samapereka nyemba za khofi kwa ogula, koma kuti anene malo ochapira (nyemba za khofi zimatsukidwa pang'ono, ndipo iyi ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri). Zotsatira zake, zikupezeka kuti ngati mitengo yapadziko lonse ya khofi yatsika ndi theka pazaka 20 zapitazi, ndiye kuti mtengo wogula wa khofi waku Rwanda wawirikiza kawiri nthawi yomweyo. Ndikadali yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi opanga ena otsogola, koma izi, kumbali inayo, zikutanthauza kuti pali malo okula.
7. Kuyambira 1771 mpaka 1792, Sweden idalamulidwa ndi King Gustav III, msuwani wa Catherine II. Amfumuwa anali munthu wowunikiridwa kwambiri, a ku Sweden amamutcha "The Great Great King". Adakhazikitsa ufulu wolankhula komanso wachipembedzo ku Sweden, adayang'anira zaluso ndi sayansi. Adawukira Russia - mfumu yayikulu bwanji yaku Sweden popanda kuukira Russia? Koma ngakhale pamenepo adawonetsa kulingalira kwake - atapambana nkhondo yoyamba, adamaliza mwamtendere mgwirizano wapabanja loteteza ndi msuweni wake. Koma monga mukudziwa, pali bowo mwa mayi wachikulireyo. Mwa kulingalira kwake konse, Gustav III, pazifukwa zina, amadana ndi tiyi ndi khofi ndipo amamenya nawo nkhondo m'njira iliyonse. Ndipo olemekezeka anali atamwa kale zakumwa zakunja ndipo sanafune kuzisiya, ngakhale atalandira chindapusa komanso zilango. Kenako Gustav III adasunthira zabodza: adalamula kuti kuyesa kuyesera mapasa awiri omwe adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Abalewo adapulumuka miyoyo yawo posinthana ndi udindo wakumwa makapu atatu patsiku: tiyi mmodzi, wina khofi. Mapeto abwino a kuyesera kwa mfumuyo anali kufa msanga, woyamba wa "m'bale wa khofi" (Gustav III adadana khofi kwambiri), kenako mchimwene wake, yemwe adapatsidwa tiyi. Koma oyamba kufa anali madokotala omwe amayang'anira "mayesero azachipatala." Ndiye inali nthawi ya Gustav III, komabe kuyera kwa kuyeserako kunaphwanyidwa - mfumu idawomberedwa. Ndipo abale adapitilizabe kumwa tiyi ndi khofi. Woyamba adamwalira ali ndi zaka 83, wachiwiri adakhala ndi moyo zaka zambiri.
8. Ku Ethiopia, komwe, monganso mayiko ena ambiri mu Africa, ilibe chidwi kwenikweni pankhani yaukhondo, khofi ndiye njira yoyamba komanso pafupifupi yokhayo yothetsera mavuto am'mimba pakawonongeka. Komanso, samamwa khofi kuti amwe mankhwala. Khofi wonyezimira wothiridwa ndi uchi ndipo zosakaniza zake zimadyedwa ndi supuni. Kukula kwake kwakusiyanasiyana kumasiyana zigawo, koma nthawi zambiri ndi gawo limodzi la khofi mpaka magawo awiri a uchi.
9. Nthawi zambiri amati ngakhale kuti khofi wa khofi amatchedwa dzina la khofi, masamba a tiyi amakhala ndi khofiine wambiri kuposa nyemba za khofi. Kupitilizabe kwa mawuwa mwina amakhala chete mwadala, kapena kumira m'madzi modabwa. Kupitiliza uku ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa mawu oyamba: pali khofi kapena khofi wochulukirapo kamodzi ndi theka mu kapu ya khofi kuposa kapu yofanana ya tiyi. Chomwe chimachitika ndichakuti ufa wa khofi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira chakumwachi ndi wolemera kwambiri kuposa masamba a tiyi owuma, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa caffeine ndikokwera.
10. Mu mzinda wa Sao Paulo, Brazil, pali chipilala cha mtengo wa khofi. Palibe zodabwitsa - khofi amapangidwa kwambiri ku Brazil, ndipo kutumizira khofi kumabweretsa dzikolo 12% yamalonda onse akunja. Palinso chipilala cha khofi, chosadziwika kwenikweni, pachilumba cha Martinique ku France. M'malo mwake, idakhazikitsidwa polemekeza Kaputeni Gabriel de Kiele. Mwamuna wolimbayu sanatchuka konse pankhondo kapena pankhondo yapamadzi. Mu 1723, de Kiele adaba mtengo wokhawo wa khofi kuchokera ku greenhouse ku Paris Botanical Gardens ndikupita nawo ku Martinique. Obzala mbewu adakhazikitsa mmera wokhawo, ndipo de Kiele adalandira mphotho. Zowona, ulamuliro waku France wokha pa khofi ku South America, ngakhale amuthandize bwanji poopseza chilango cha imfa, sichidakhalitse. Apanso, sizinali zopanda gulu lankhondo. Lieutenant Colonel Francisco de Melo Palette waku Portugal adalandira mbande zamitengo ya khofi mumaluwa omwe adamupatsa wokondedwa wake (malinga ndi mphekesera, anali pafupifupi mkazi wa kazembe waku France). Umu ndi momwe khofi adawonekera ku Brazil, koma Martinique sakulima tsopano - ndi yopanda phindu chifukwa champikisano ndi Brazil.
11. Mtengo wa khofi umakhala pafupifupi zaka 50, koma umabala zipatso zosaposa 15. Chifukwa chake, m'minda ya khofi gawo lofunikira pantchito ndikubzala mitengo yatsopano nthawi zonse. Iwo amakula mu masitepe atatu. Choyamba, nyemba za khofi zimayikidwa mumchenga wocheperako pang'ono pa thumba labwino. Nyemba za khofi, mwa njira, sizimera ngati nyemba zina zambiri - zimayamba kupanga mizu, kenako nkukankhira tsinde ndi njerezo pamwamba panthaka. Mphukira ikafika masentimita angapo kutalika, chigobacho chakunja chochepa chimathawa. Mphukira amaikidwa mu mphika umodzi ndi nthaka ndi feteleza. Ndipo pokhapokha chomeracho chikakhala champhamvu, chimabzalidwa pamalo otseguka, pomwe chimakhala mtengo wokwanira.
12. Pachilumba cha Sumatra ku Indonesia, pamapangidwa khofi wosazolowereka. Amatchedwa "Kopi Luwac". Anthu akumaloko adazindikira kuti nthumwi zamtundu wina wamatope, "kopi musang", amakonda kudya zipatso za mtengo wa khofi. Amameza chipatso chonse, koma amangogaya gawo lofewa (chipatso cha mtengo wa khofi chimafanana mofanana ndi yamatcheri, nyemba za khofi ndi mbewu). Ndipo nyemba za khofi m'mimba ndi ziwalo zina zamkati za nyamazo zimayatsidwa mphamvu. Chakumwa chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera ku njere ngati izi, monga opanga amatsimikizira, ndi kukoma kwapadera. "Kopi Luwac" amagulitsa kwambiri, ndipo anthu aku Indonesia amangodandaula kuti pazifukwa zina osadya samadya zipatso za khofi ali kundende, ndipo khofi wawo amawononga pafupifupi $ 700 pa kilogalamu. Blake Dinkin, mlimi wa khofi waku Canada kumpoto kwa Thailand, amadyetsa njovu njovu ndipo, akamatuluka m'mimba mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, amalandira mankhwala opitilira $ 1,000 pa kilogalamu. Dinkin ali ndi zovuta zina - kuti mupeze kilogalamu ya nyemba zofufumitsa, muyenera kudyetsa njovu 30 - 40 kg ya zipatso za khofi.
13. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a khofi wapadziko lonse lapansi amapangidwa ku Brazil, dziko lino ndiye mtsogoleri wamkulu - mu 2017, kupanga pafupifupi matumba 53 miliyoni. Mbeu zocheperako zimabzalidwa ku Vietnam (matumba 30 miliyoni), komabe, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa zinthu zogulitsa kunja, kusiyana kwa Vietnam ndikochepa kwambiri. Colombia ili pamalo achitatu, ikulima khofi pafupifupi theka la Vietnam. Koma aku Colombia amatenga bwino - Arabica yawo imagulitsidwa pafupifupi $ 1.26 pa paundi (0.45 kg). Kwa robusta waku Vietnamese, amalipira $ 0.8-0.9 yokha. Khofi wokwera mtengo kwambiri amapangidwa kumapiri a Bolivia - avareji ya $ 4.72 amalipidwa paundi imodzi ya khofi waku Bolivia. Ku Jamaica, paundi imodzi ya khofi imawononga $ 3. Anthu aku Cuba amalandira $ 2.36 ya khofi wawo. ./LB.
14. Mosiyana ndi chithunzi chomwe chidapangidwa ndi atolankhani komanso Hollywood, Colombia sikumangokhala minda yamphesa yopanda malire komanso mafiya osokoneza bongo. Dzikoli lili ndi malo abwino kwambiri opanga khofi, ndipo Colombian Arabica imawerengedwa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Colombia, National Coffee Park yakhazikitsidwa, momwe muli tawuni yonse yokopa - "Parque del Cafe". Izi sizimagalimoto zamagetsi zokha, ma roller coasters ndi zosangalatsa zina zodziwika bwino. Pakiyi ili ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale omwe akuwonetsa magawo onse opanga khofi kuyambira kubzala mitengo mpaka kumwa chakumwa.
15. Mu hotelo yotsika mtengo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi "Emirates Palace" (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates) chipinda chimaphatikizapo khofi, yemwe amapatsidwa marzipan, chopukutira nsalu ndi botolo lamadzi amtengo wapatali. Zonsezi zimayikidwa pa thireyi ya siliva yokutidwa ndi maluwa amaluwa. Mayiyo amapezanso duwa lonse la khofi. Kwa $ 25 yowonjezerapo, mutha kutenga khofi yemwe adzawazidwa ndi fumbi labwino kwambiri lagolide.
16. Maphikidwe ambiri opanga zakumwa za khofi adawoneka kale, koma "Irish Coffee" itha kuonedwa ngati yaying'ono. Adawonekera panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse mu malo odyera pabwalo la ndege mumzinda wa Limerick ku Ireland. Ndege imodzi yopita ku America sinafike ku Newfoundland, Canada ndikubwerera. Apaulendo adazizidwa mozizira mkati mwa maola 5 othawa, ndipo ophika odyera pa eyapoti adaganiza kuti atenthedwa mwachangu ngati atawonjezera kachasu ndi kirimu ndi khofi. Panalibe makapu okwanira - magalasi a whiskey adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Apaulendo adatenthedwa mwachangu, ndipo khofi wokhala ndi shuga, kachasu ndi kirimu wokwapulidwa mwachangu adatchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo amatumikira, malinga ndi mwambo, monga mugalasi - m'mbale yopanda chogwirira.
17. Malinga ndi mfundo yopanga, khofi wapompopompo amatha kugawidwa bwino m'magulu awiri: "otentha" ndi "ozizira". Ukadaulo wopanga khofi wam'gulu loyamba umatanthauza kuti zinthu zosungunuka zimachotsedwa mu ufa wa khofi poyatsidwa nthunzi yotentha. Ukadaulo "wozizira" wopanga khofi wapompopompo umazikidwa pakuzizira kwambiri. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri, koma imafunanso mphamvu zambiri, chifukwa chake khofi wapompopompo womwe umapezeka chifukwa chozizira kwambiri nthawi zonse amakhala wokwera mtengo. Koma mu khofi wapompopompo, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimatsalira.
18. Pali malingaliro akuti Peter I atagonjetsa mfumu yaku Sweden ya ku Charles Charles XII, anthu aku Sweden adakhala anzeru kwambiri kotero kuti adakhala dziko losalowerera ndale, adayamba kulemera mwachangu, ndipo pofika zaka za zana la makumi awiri anali atakhala dziko labwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'malo mwake, ngakhale pambuyo pa Charles XII, anthu aku Sweden adayamba maulendo osiyanasiyana, ndipo zotsutsana zamkati zokha zidapangitsa Sweden kukhala yamtendere. Koma aku Sweden adziwa khofi wawo ku Great Northern War. Pothawa Peter, Karl XII adathawira ku Turkey, komwe adakumana ndi khofi. Umu ndi momwe zakumwa zakum'mawa zidafika ku Sweden. Tsopano anthu a ku Sweden amadya makilogalamu 11 mpaka 12 a khofi pa munthu aliyense pachaka, nthawi ndi nthawi amasintha utsogoleri wawo ndi mayiko ena aku Scandinavia. Yerekezerani: ku Russia, kumwa khofi pafupifupi 1.5 kg pa munthu pachaka.
19. Kuyambira 2000, akatswiri opanga khofi - baristas - akhala akuchita World Cup yawo. Ngakhale anali achichepere, mpikisanowu udapeza kale magulu angapo, magawo ndi mitundu, oweruza ambiri ndi akuluakulu, ndipo mabungwe awiri a khofi amadyetsedwa. Mpikisano wamtundu wawo wonse - kukonzekera kwenikweni kwa khofi - umakhala pakupanga zakumwa zitatu zosiyana. Awiri mwa iwo ndi pulogalamu yovomerezeka, chachitatu ndichosankha chaumwini kapena kapangidwe ka barista. Ochita nawo mpikisano amatha kukonza ntchito yawo momwe angafunire.Panali nthawi zina pamene barista ankagwira ntchito limodzi ndi quartet yoitanidwa mwapadera kapena ovina. Ndi oweruza okha omwe amalawa zakumwa zomwe zakonzedwa kale. Koma kuwunika kwawo sikuphatikizapo kulawa kokha, komanso njira yophika, kukongola kwa kapangidwe ka thireyi ndi makapu, ndi zina zambiri - pafupifupi 100.
20. Potsutsana ngati khofi ndi wabwino kapena woipa, chowonadi chimodzi chokha chitha kufotokozedwa: onse akukangana ndiopusa. Ngakhale sitiganiziranso za Paracelsus "zonse zili ndi poizoni ndipo zonse ndi mankhwala, nkhaniyo ili pamlingo." Kuti mudziwe kuwonongeka kapena kufunika kwa khofi, muyenera kuganizira kuchuluka kwa jakisoni, ndipo ngakhale ina yake sikudziwika ndi sayansi. Zopitilira 200 magawo osiyanasiyana apatulidwa kale mu nyemba za khofi, ndipo izi zili kutali kwambiri. Kumbali inayi, thupi la munthu aliyense limakhala palokha, ndipo momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimayendera ku chinthu chomwecho ndizapaderanso. Honore de Balzac anali ndi nyumba yolimba, pomwe Voltaire anali wowonda. Onse awiri ankamwa makapu 50 a khofi patsiku. Komanso, inali kutali ndi khofi wathu wamba, koma chakumwa champhamvu kwambiri chamitundu ingapo. Zotsatira zake, Balzac adadutsa zaka 50, adafooketsa thanzi lake ndikumwalira ndi bala laling'ono. Voltaire adakhala zaka 84, akuseka kuti khofi ndi poizoni wocheperako, ndipo adamwalira ndi khansa ya prostate.
