Wafilosofi waku Germany Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri padziko lapansi. Anakhazikitsa kutsutsa kwafilosofi, komwe kunadzasintha posintha nzeru za dziko. Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti mbiri ya filosofi ikhonza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri - Kant asanachitike komanso pambuyo pake.
Malingaliro ambiri a Immanuel Kant adakhudza momwe chitukuko cha malingaliro amunthu chimakhalira. Wafilosofiyu adapanga makina onse opangidwa ndi omwe adamtsogolera kale, ndipo adalemba zolemba zake zingapo, pomwe mbiri yakale ya filosofi idayamba. Kufunika kwa ntchito za Kant pa sayansi yapadziko lonse lapansi ndichachikulu kwambiri.
Komabe, posonkhanitsa zowona kuchokera m'moyo wa Kant, malingaliro ake anzeru sanaganiziridwe konse. Kusankhidwa uku ndikungofuna kuwonetsa momwe Kant anali mmoyo wake. Kupatula apo, ngakhale akatswiri anzeru amayenera kukhala kwinakwake ndi pachinthu china, kudya china chake ndi kuyankhulana ndi anthu ena.
1. Immanuel Kant adalembedwa koyambirira kuti akhale wachisoni. Abambo a mnyamatayo, omwe adabadwa m'mawa pa Epulo 22, 1724, a Johann Georg anali achisoni komanso mwana wamwamuna wachisoni. Amayi a Immanuel Anna Regina analinso pachibale ndi zingwe zamahatchi - abambo ake anali okonda zonyamula. Abambo a wafilosofi wamkulu wamtsogolo adachokera kwinakwake mdera la Baltic, amayi ake anali nzika ya Nuremberg. Kant adabadwa mchaka chomwecho ndi Königsberg - munali mu 1724 pomwe linga la Königsberg ndi midzi yoyandikana nayo idalumikizidwa kukhala mzinda umodzi.
2. Banja la a Kant ankanena kuti amalankhula za pietism, zomwe zinali zotchuka kwambiri nthawi imeneyo ku Eastern Europe - mchitidwe wachipembedzo, omwe omutsatira awo anali olimbikira kukhala opembedza ndi amakhalidwe abwino, osasamala kwambiri za kukwaniritsidwa kwa ziphunzitso za tchalitchi. Chimodzi mwamaubwino akulu a Pietists inali ntchito yolimbika. A Kants adalera ana awo m'njira yoyenera - Immanuel anali ndi mchimwene wake ndi azilongo ake atatu. Atakula, Kant adalankhula mwachikondi za makolo ake komanso momwe zinthu ziliri m'banjamo.
3. Immanuel adaphunzira pasukulu yabwino kwambiri ku Koenigsberg - Friedrich College. Maphunziro a bungweli sangatchulidwe mwankhanza. Ana amayenera kukhala ali kusukulu pofika 6 koloko m'mawa ndikuphunzira mpaka 4 koloko masana. Tsiku ndi phunziro lililonse zinayamba ndi mapemphero. Adaphunzira Chilatini (maphunziro 20 pa sabata), zamulungu, masamu, nyimbo, Greek, French, Polish and Hebrew. Kunalibe tchuthi, tsiku lokhalo lopumula linali Lamlungu. Kant adamaliza sekondale pomaliza maphunziro ake.
4. Sayansi yachilengedwe sinaphunzitsidwe ku Friedrich Collegium. Kant adazindikira dziko lawo atalowa ku University of Königsberg ku 1740. Panthawiyo, anali malo apamwamba maphunziro ndi laibulale wabwino ndi aphunzitsi oyenerera. Pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi ziwirizi akukhala mopanikizika kwambiri paholo yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, Immanuel adaphunzira kuti ophunzira amatha kukhala ndi malingaliro awo ngakhale kutulutsa malingaliro awo. Anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi fizikiya, yomwe idayamba kuyambitsa. M'chaka chake chachinayi chamaphunziro, Kant adayamba kulemba pepala mu physics. Apa zidachitika zomwe olemba mbiri sakonda kutchula. Kant adalemba kwa zaka zitatu ndikufalitsa kwa zaka zinayi ntchito momwe anafotokozera kudalira kwa mphamvu zakuthupi za thupi kuthamanga kwake. Pakadali pano, ngakhale Emanuel asanayambe ntchito yake, a Jean D'Alembert adafotokoza kudalira uku mwa njira F = mv2/ 2. Poteteza Kant, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti kufalikira kwa malingaliro komanso, kusinthana kwa chidziwitso m'zaka za zana la 18 kunali kotsika kwambiri. Ntchito yake yakhala ikudzudzulidwa kwambiri kwazaka zingapo. Tsopano ndizosangalatsa kuchokera pamalingaliro a Chijeremani chosavuta komanso cholondola momwe adalembedwera. Ntchito zambiri zasayansi za nthawi imeneyo zidalembedwa m'Chilatini.
Yunivesite ya Königsberg
5. Komabe, Kant nayenso anavutika ndi njira zolankhulirana zopanda ungwiro. Kufalitsidwa kwa ntchito yake yoyamba yayikulu, pofotokoza momwe chilengedwe chonse chidakhalira ndi dzina lalitali lomwe lidakhalapo panthawiyo ndikudzipereka kwa King Frederick II, adamangidwa chifukwa cha ngongole za wofalitsa ndipo adafalikira pang'ono. Zotsatira zake, a Johann Lambert ndi a Pierre Laplace amadziwika kuti ndi omwe amapanga chiphunzitso cha cosmogonic. Koma nkhani ya Kant idasindikizidwa mu 1755, pomwe zolembedwa za Lambert ndi Laplace zidalembedwa 1761 ndi 1796.
Malinga ndi malingaliro a Kant cosmogonic, makina ozungulira dzuwa adapangidwa kuchokera kumtambo wamfumbi
6. Sanamalize maphunziro awo ku Kant University. Kumaliza maphunziro kumatanthauziridwa mosiyana. Wina amaganizira za umphawi - makolo a wophunzirayo adamwalira, ndipo amayenera kuphunzira ndikukhala opanda chithandizo chilichonse, ngakhale kuthandiza alongo ake. Ndipo, mwina, Kant anali atangotopa ndi moyo wamaphunziro wanjala. Digiri yapa yunivesiteyo sinali ndi tanthauzo lake lamakono. Nthawi zambiri munthu amapatsidwa moni malinga ndi nzeru zake, ndiye kuti, malinga ndi kuthekera kwake kugwira ntchito. Kant adayamba kugwira ntchito yophunzitsa kunyumba. Ntchito yake idakwera mwachangu. Choyamba adaphunzitsa ana a m'busa, kenako wolemera wokhala ndi malo, kenako nakhala mphunzitsi wa ana owerengera. Ntchito yosavuta, moyo wathunthu wa board, malipiro abwino - ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe chikufunika kuti tichite sayansi modekha?
7. Moyo wamunthu wafilosofi udali wochepa kwambiri. Sanakwatire konse ndipo, mwachiwonekere, sanayanjane ndi akazi. Osachepera, okhala ku Königsberg anali otsimikiza za izi, pomwe Kant sanasunthire mtunda wopitilira makilomita 50. Komanso, adawathandiza alongo mwadongosolo, koma sanawawachezere. Mlongo m'modzi atabwera kunyumba kwake, Kant adapepesa kwa alendowo chifukwa chobisalira komanso machitidwe ake oyipa.
8. Kant adafanizira malingaliro ake okhudza kuchuluka kwa maiko okhala ndi kuyerekezera komwe kunali ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 18. Iye adalongosola nsabwe pamutu pa munthu m'modzi yemwe anali wotsimikiza kuti mutu womwe akukhalamo ndi dziko lonse lomwe lakhalapo. Nsabwezi zidadabwitsidwa pomwe mutu wa mbuye wawo udayandikira mutu wa munthu wina wolemekezeka - wig yake idakhalanso dziko lokhalamo anthu. Nthawi yomweyo nsabwe zinkachitidwa ku Europe ngati mtundu wina wosasangalatsa wopatsidwa.
9. Mu 1755, Immanuel Kant adalandira ufulu wophunzitsa komanso udindo wothandizira pulofesa ku Yunivesite ya Königsberg. Sizinali zophweka motero. Choyamba, adalemba zolemba zake "Pa Moto," zomwe zinali ngati mayeso oyamba. Kenako, pa Seputembara 27, pamaso pa otsutsa atatu ochokera m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana, adateteza zolemba zina pamalingaliro oyamba amalingaliro azachilengedwe. Pamapeto pa chitetezo ichi, chotchedwa habilitation, Kant amatha kupereka zokambirana.
10. Aphunzitsi apadera a ku yunivesite sanasambepo ndi golidi. Kalata yoyamba ya Kant idalibe malipiro okhazikitsidwa mwalamulo - kuchuluka kwa ophunzira omwe amalipira maphunziro, zochuluka zomwe amapeza. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama izi sizinakhazikitsidwe - momwe wophunzira aliyense amafunira, amalipira kwambiri. Popeza umphawi wamuyaya wa ophunzira, izi zikutanthauza kuti malipiro a pulofesa wamba wamba ndi ochepa kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, kunalibe kuyenerera zaka - Kant mwiniwake adalandira malipiro a pulofesa woyamba zaka 14 zokha atayamba kugwira ntchito ku yunivesite. Ngakhale akanakhala pulofesa kale mu 1756 atamwalira mnzake, milingo imeneyo idangotsitsidwa.
11. Pulofesa wothandizira yemwe wangophunzitsidwa kumene amaphunzitsa, ndiye kuti, adaphunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri. Komanso, iye anatenga nkhani zosiyana kotheratu, koma kunapezeka chidwi. Dongosolo la tsiku lake logwira ntchito limawoneka ngati izi: Logic, Mechanics, Metaphysics, Theoretical Physics, Mathematics, Physical Geography. Ndikulimbikira pantchito - mpaka maola 28 pa sabata - komanso kutchuka, Kant adayamba kupeza ndalama zambiri. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'moyo wake, adalemba ganyu wantchito.
12. Wasayansi waku Sweden komanso theosophist wa nthawi yaying'ono Emmanuel Swedenborg adafalitsa mu 1756 buku la mavoliyumu asanu ndi atatu, osati popanda ma pathos otchedwa "Zinsinsi Zakumwamba." Ntchito ya Swedenborg sitingatchulidwe kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri ngakhale pakati pa zaka za zana la 18 - magulu anayi okha a bukuli adagulitsidwa. Imodzi mwa makope ake idagulidwa ndi Kant. "Zinsinsi zakumwamba" zidamuchititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kapangidwe kake ndi matanthauzidwe kotero kuti adalemba buku lonse, kuseka zomwe zidalembedwa. Ntchitoyi inali yachilendo kwa nthawi ya moyo wa wafilosofi - analibe nthawi. Koma chifukwa chodzudzula ndi kunyoza Swedenborg, zikuwoneka kuti, nthawi idapezeka.
13. Mwa lingaliro lake, Kant anali wokhoza kuphunzitsa pa jogirafi yakuthupi. Panthawiyo, geography sinaphunzitsidwe kwenikweni ku mayunivesite - imawoneka ngati sayansi yokhazikika kwa akatswiri. Kant, kumbali inayo, adaphunzitsa maphunziro a geography ndi cholinga chofuna kukulitsa mawonekedwe a ophunzira onse. Poganizira kuti aphunzitsiwo adaphunzira zambiri m'mabuku, mavesi ena m'mabukuwa amawoneka oseketsa. Pa zokambirana zake, adakhala mphindi zochepa ku Russia. Ankawona kuti Yenisei ndiye malire a Russia. Ku Volga, belugas amapezeka - nsomba zomwe zimameza miyala kuti imire m'madzi (funso loti belugas amawatenga pamwamba pa mtsinjewo, Kant, mwachiwonekere, analibe chidwi). Ku Siberia, aliyense adaledzera ndikudya fodya, ndipo Kant adawona Georgia ngati nazale ya zokongola.
14. Pa Januwale 22, 1757, gulu lankhondo laku Russia lidalowa Königsberg mkati mwa Zaka Zisanu ndi ziwiri za Moscow. Kwa anthu amtauni, kuphatikiza a Immanuel Kant, ntchitoyi imangotanthauza kulumbira kwa Mfumukazi Elizabeth yaku Russia, kusintha zizindikilo ndi zithunzi m'mabungwe. Misonkho yonse ndi mwayi uliwonse ku Königsberg sizinasinthe. Kant adayesanso kupeza malo a profesa motsogozedwa ndi Russia. Zachabe - adakonda wokalamba mnzake.
15. Immanuel Kant sanasiyanitsidwe ndi thanzi labwino. Komabe, zaka zaumphawi zidamuthandiza kudziwa mwamphamvu zaumoyo ndi zakudya zomwe zingamupatse mwayi wowonjezera zaka zambiri pantchito yathanzi. Zotsatira zake, zoyendetsa ana za Kant zidasanduka mwambi ngakhale pakati pa Ajeremani omvera malamulo kwambiri komanso odekha. Mwachitsanzo, kumsika wa Königsberg, palibe amene adafunsa zomwe msirikali wakale wantchito wa Kant adagula - nthawi zonse amagula zomwezo. Ngakhale nyengo yozizira kwambiri ya ku Baltic, Kant ankachita masewera olimbitsa thupi panthawi yodziwika bwino m'njira yodutsa m'misewu ya mzindawo. Odutsa -mo adachita mwanzeru, osatengera wasayansiyo, koma adayang'ana ulonda wawo pamaulendo ake. Matenda sanamusiye mzimu wabwino komanso nthabwala. Kant mwiniwake adawona chizolowezi chokhudza hypochondria - vuto lamaganizidwe pomwe munthu amaganiza kuti akudwala matenda amtundu uliwonse. Anthu amalingaliridwa kuti ndiwo mankhwala oyamba. Kant adayamba kupereka chakudya chamasana ndi chamadzulo ndipo adayesetsa kudzichezera pafupipafupi. Ma biliyadi, khofi ndi zokambirana zazing'ono, kuphatikiza azimayi, zidamuthandiza kuthana ndi matenda ake.
Njira yomwe Kant amayenda pafupipafupi idakalipobe. Imatchedwa "Njira Yafilosofi"
16. "M'mbiri yonse kunalibe munthu yemwe angaike chidwi kwambiri pa thupi lake komanso zomwe zimakhudza," adatero Kant. Nthawi zonse amaphunzira zolemba zaposachedwa kwambiri zamankhwala ndipo anali ndi zambiri kuposa madotolo akatswiri. Atayesa kumupatsa upangiri kuchokera ku zamankhwala, adayankha molondola komanso mozama kotero kuti zidapangitsa kuti kukambirana kwina kumveke kopanda tanthauzo. Kwa zaka zambiri amalandila ziwerengero zakufa ku Königsberg, kuwerengera kutalika kwa moyo wake.
17. Okhala nawo nthawi yamtundu wabwino amatcha Kant mbuye wokongola kwambiri. Asayansi anali amfupi (pafupifupi 157 cm), osakhala olondola kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe. Komabe, Kant anali atavala bwino kwambiri, anali ndi ulemu komanso amayesetsa kulankhulana ndi aliyense mwaubwenzi. Chifukwa chake, atacheza kwakanthawi ndi Kant, zofooka zake zidasiya kuwonekera.
18. Mu February 1766, Kant mosayembekezeka adakhala wothandizira woyang'anira mabuku ku Königsberg Castle. Chifukwa chodziphunzitsiranso ngati owerenga mabuku chinali banal - ndalama. Wasayansiyo adakhala munthu wakudziko, ndipo izi zimafunikira ndalama zambiri. Kant analibe ndalama zolimba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi ya tchuthi samapeza chilichonse. Mu laibulale, adalandira ngakhale pang'ono - 62 akuba pachaka - koma pafupipafupi. Kuphatikizanso kwaulere kwa mabuku onse, kuphatikizapo zolembedwa pamanja zakale.
19. Marichi 31, 1770 Kant pamapeto pake apeza udindo woyembekezeredwa kwanthawi yayitali wa profesa wamba wazamalingaliro ndi metaphysics ku University of Königsberg. Wafilosofi, mwachiwonekere, atadikirira zaka 14, adapeza kulumikizana kwamabungwe oyang'anira, ndipo chaka chimodzi chochitikacho chisanachitike, adakana malingaliro awiri okopa. Erlangen University idamupatsa malipiro a 500 guilders, nyumba komanso nkhuni zaulere. Chopereka kuchokera ku Yunivesite ya Jena chinali chodzichepetsera - 200 akunyamula malipiro ndi 150 akuba ndalama zolipirira, koma ku Jena mtengo wamoyo unali wotsika kwambiri (wogulitsa komanso wogulitsa panthawiyo anali pafupifupi ofanana ndi ndalama zagolide). Koma Kant adakonda kukhala kumudzi kwawo ndikulandila anthu 166 akuba ndi 60 grosz. Malipiro ake ndi oti wasayansi adagwira ntchito mulaibulale kwa zaka zina ziwiri. Komabe, kumasuka kunkhondo yakumenya nkhondo tsiku ndi tsiku kumasula Kant. Zinali mu 1770 kuti otchedwa. nthawi yovuta pantchito yake, momwe adapangira ntchito zake zazikulu.
20. Ntchito ya Kant Observations on the Sense of Beauty and the Sublime inali yotchuka kwambiri - idasindikizidwanso kasanu ndi kamodzi. Ngati "Zowonera…" zikalembedwa tsopano, wolemba wawo atha kupita kundende chifukwa chazosankhana. Pofotokoza za anthu amtunduwu, amawatcha achisipanishi pachabe, achi French ndiwofewa komanso sachedwa kuzolowera (zisanachitike zaka 20 ku France panali zaka 20), aku Britain akuimbidwa mlandu wonyoza anthu ena, Ajeremani, malinga ndi Kant, amaphatikiza malingaliro a okongola ndi opambana, owona mtima, akhama ndi kukonda dongosolo. Kant adawona amwenyewo ngati dziko labwino kwambiri chifukwa cholemekeza akazi. Anthu akuda ndi Ayuda sanayenerere mawu okoma a wolemba "Zowonera ...".
21. Moses Hertz, wophunzira ku Kant, atalandira buku la "Critique of Pure Reason" kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi, adalitumiza, likuwerengedwa theka (m'masiku amenewo kunali kosavuta kudziwa ngati bukulo lidawerengedwa - masambawo amayenera kudulidwa asanawerenge). M'kalata yolemba pachikuto, Hertz adalemba kuti sanawerenge bukuli mopitilira poopa misala. Wophunzira wina, a Johann Herder, adalongosola bukuli ngati "hunk wolimba" komanso "tsamba lolemera". M'modzi mwa ophunzira ku Yunivesite ya Jena adatsutsa mnzake kuti asamachite duel - osazindikira akuyesa kunena kuti ngakhale ataphunzira ku yunivesite kwa zaka 30, ndizosatheka kumvetsetsa Critique of Pure Reason. Leo Tolstoy adatcha chilankhulo cha "Kudzudzula ..." kosamveka bwino.
Kusindikiza koyamba kwa Critique of Pure Reason
22. Nyumba ya Kant idawonekera mu 1784, atatha zaka 60 akubadwa. Nyumba yayikulu yomwe ili pakatikati pa mzindawu idagulidwa ma gilders 5,500. Kant adagula kwa wamasiye wamaluso yemwe adalemba chithunzi chake chotchuka. Ngakhale zaka zisanu m'mbuyomo, wasayansi wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza mndandanda wazinthu zosamukira munyumba yatsopano, kuphatikiza tiyi, fodya, botolo la vinyo, chidebe cha inki, nthenga, mathalauza ausiku ndi zina zazing'ono. Zopeza zonse zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza nyumba ndi ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, Kant ankakonda kudya mozama kamodzi patsiku, koma adadya pagulu la anthu osachepera 5. Manyazi sanalepheretse wasayansi kuti akhalebe wokonda dziko lawo. Kulandira okwera 236 pachaka ku Königsberg, adasiya ntchito ndi malipiro a 600 akuba ku Halle ndi 800 ku Mitau.
23. Ngakhale kuti m'mabuku ake Kant adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi zokongoletsa komanso kukongola, luso lake laumisiri linali locheperako kuposa malo. Koenigsberg anali kunja kwa maiko aku Germany, osangonena za geography. Mumzindawu munalibe zipilala zomangamanga. M'magulu azinsinsi amzindawu munali zojambula zochepa chabe za Rembrandt, Van Dyck ndi Durer. Chojambula cha ku Italy sichinafikire Koenigsberg. Kant adapita kumakonsati oimba m'malo mofunikira kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, amakonda kumvera nyimbo zokhazokha zogwiritsa ntchito chida chimodzi. Ankadziwa ndakatulo zamakono zaku Germany, koma sanasiye ndemanga zawo.Mbali inayi, Kant ankadziwa bwino ndakatulo ndi zolemba zakale, komanso ntchito za olemba nthabwala za nthawi zonse.
24. Mu 1788, Kant adasankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira University of Königsberg. Mwa machitidwe a King Frederick William II, malipiro a wasayansi adakwezedwa kukhala ma 720 akuba. Koma chifundo sichinakhalitse. Amfumu anali chidole chofooka m'manja mwa anthu ogwira ntchito kunyumba. Pang'onopang'ono, phwando la anthu omwe amatsutsa Kant ndi ntchito zake lidapambana kukhothi. Mavuto adayamba ndikufalitsa mabuku; Kant adayenera kulemba zofanizira pazinthu zambiri. Panali mphekesera zoti Kant adzayenera kusiya poyera malingaliro ake. Kusankhidwa kwa wasayansi ku Russian Academy kudathandizira. Amfumu adadzudzula Kant, koma osati pagulu, koma m'kalata yotsekedwa.
25. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, Kant adayamba kufota. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, adachepetsa, kenako nkulekanso kuyenda, adalemba zochepa, maso ndi makutu adayamba kuchepa. Njirayi idachedwa, idatenga zaka zisanu, koma zosapeweka. Pa 11:00 pa February 12, 1804, wafilosofi wamkulu adamwalira. Iwo adaika m'manda a Emmanuel Emmanuel Kant m'nyumba ya Pulofesayo kumpoto kwa Königsberg Cathedral. Crypt idamangidwanso kangapo. Idalandira mawonekedwe ake apano mu 1924. Crypt sanapulumuke ngakhale pa Second World War, pamene Koenigsberg anagwa mu mabwinja.
Manda ndi chipilala ku Kant
