Mu 1893, Swami Vivekananda, yogi woyendayenda yemwe adalimbikitsa zomwe amaphunzitsa komanso Chihindu, adayankhula ku Nyumba Yamalamulo Yapadziko Lonse ku Chicago. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti Kumadzulo kwa Vivekananda asanadziwe zikhulupiriro zaku India. Nkhani zokhudzana ndi fakirs ndi yogis yochita zozizwitsa zenizeni zakhala zikudziwika kale kudziko lakumadzulo kwa zaka 200. Ndipo panali kale lingaliro lachihindu ndi yoga - ngakhale Arthur Schopenhauer adalemba za iwo. Komabe, Vivekananda asanafike, yogis amachitidwa ngati zosowa zakunja komanso zosamvetsetseka.
Kutchuka kwa yoga kunayamba ndi Vivekananda. Tsopano anthu mamiliyoni makumi ambiri padziko lonse lapansi akuchita izi. Yoga imawerengedwa kuti ndi chida chosamalira thupi komanso chiphunzitso chomwe chingakuthandizeni kufikira pazambiri zauzimu. Yoga idalowanso mu Soviet Union isanachitike, yomwe imawoneka ngati yotsekedwa mwamphamvu kwa nthumwi zachipembedzo zonyenga zakunja. Mwachitsanzo, mu buku lolembedwa ndi I. Ilf ndi E. Petrov "mipando 12" munthu wamkulu Ostap Bender ali ndi chikwangwani cha yogi waku India munyumba yazankhondo. Bender yekha, kukhala wolemera, amapita ku yoga, akuyendera Soviet Union ku Moscow - Bender akufuna kudziwa tanthauzo la moyo.
Gawo lauzimu lidachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakukweza yoga. Masewera aliwonse achikhalidwe kapena maphunziro azolimbitsa thupi, kupatula kusiyanasiyana, kunja kumawoneka ngati kuyeserera kosalingalira. Tiyeni tikumbukire mpira ndi sacramenti "amuna 22 akuthamangira mpira umodzi", nkhonya, kulimbana, ngakhale kuthamanga - iyi ndi ntchito ya omata pa sinecure. Mu yoga, ngakhale kutsindika kwakung'ono kunama, komanso kuyesa kuyimirira kumene kudalira pamphumi pokha, ndi gawo lakuwunikiridwa, kuti mupeze mphamvu zauzimu.
M'malo mwake, yoga ya masiku ano imangokhala masewera olimbitsa thupi, ngakhale nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, komwe kumabweretsa aphunzitsi ndi eni masukulu ndalama zabwino kwambiri. Ndipo sizikudziwika ngati anali mayi wina kale. Timapepala timatayika, cholowa chatha, zikalata sizinapulumuke. Pali nthano zonena za yogis omwe adakhala achichepere kwazaka mazana ambiri, mafotokozedwe a asanas mukutanthauzira kwamaphunziro amakono. Osati zokhazo, popita nthawi zidapezeka kuti makalasi a yoga atha kukhala osatetezeka kwambiri.
1. Ofufuza akuti umboni woyamba wa yoga 2,500 BC. e. Chibwenzicho chimachokera pa zojambula zomwe "munthu wamanyanga, atazunguliridwa ndi nyama, amakhala mochita masewero a yoga." Zowona, ofufuza ena amatsutsa kutanthauzira kotere ndikuwonetsa kuti tsiku la yoga lidayamba pafupi ndi nthawi yathu ino. M'zaka za zana lachitatu BC. Shvetashvatara Upanishad inalembedwa. Bukuli lathandizapo kale pakuletsa kupuma, kusinkhasinkha kwamalingaliro, nzeru, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, zakale zonsezi zikadakhalabe ku Indian subcontinent, ngati sichoncho chifukwa cha chidwi cha yoga.
Izi, ngati simunamvetsetse, ndi kalasi ya yoga zaka zikwi zapitazo.
2. Kukondwerera koyambirira kwa yoga kunagwedeza Europe m'zaka za zana la 19 pomwe Schopenhauer adatchulapo. Anthu aku Britain, pozindikira kuti adasowa koloni yawo, adathamangira kukachita kafukufuku wa yoga ku India, posankha ma nooks akuda komanso misewu yoyipa kwambiri. Poganizira kuti mzaka zana lino ku India kudafika pakuwunikira - adamwalira ndi njala - anthu pafupifupi 40 miliyoni, chidwi cha asayansi aku Britain ku yoga monga moyo wathanzi chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri. Mwanjira ina kapena ina, mawu oti "asana", "prana" ndi "chakra" akhala otchuka ku Europe.
Zithunzi zotere zinali zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito kulimbikitsa yoga ngati njira yosinthira.
3. Kuphulika kwachiwiri kwa kutchuka kwa yoga kudayamba mchaka cha 1950 mpaka lero. Iye anaitanidwa ndi nyenyezi zawonetsero, yemwe mwadzidzidzi anatembenuka kuchoka ku buffoons ndi buffoons kukhala anthu olemekezeka. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, achinyamata sanaleredwe kuti amvetsetse ndikuzindikira zipembedzo zachikhalidwe; malingaliro anzeru adazipereka chifukwa chosaphunzira. Zotsatira zake, zidakwaniritsidwa, monga oimba akale, kuti "Ahindu adayambitsa chipembedzo chabwino." Mabaibulo akuda ndi mauthenga abwino atha kugona m'mashelufu - mphunzitsi wamkuluyo adzafotokozera zonse zazifupi komanso zomveka bwino. Chiphunzitso cha kuwonjezera kwa moyo chidalinso pamutuwu - ndi anthu okhazikika bwino azaka zapakati omwe amalakalaka kutalikitsa moyo, omwe ali ndi ndalama zolipirira maphunziro ndiulamuliro wolimbikitsa yoga kwa anthu onse. Yoga idayamba kufalikira kumayiko akutukuka waku Western ngati moto wolusa.
Nyenyezi za pop zathandiza kwambiri pakufalitsa yoga, kuyambira ndi ma Beatles.
4. Palibe tanthauzo lomveka la yoga. Koposa, titha kunena kuti izi ndizophatikiza zochitika, zakuthupi ndi zauzimu, zomwe cholinga chake ndikukula kwauzimu ndi kuthupi. Pali machitidwe ambiri otere, ndipo ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti ndi iti yomwe ili yabwino kapena yolondola. Ngati zingalephereke, wophunzirayo ndi amene adzakhale ndi mlandu, osati womulangiza.
5. Yoga ndi bizinesi yoopsa kwambiri. Ku USA, ndalama zomwe amapeza ku yoga zimadutsa $ 30 biliyoni pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, monga nthawi zonse ku America, phindu limachokera osati pakulipira maphunziro. Zovala zamasewera, nsapato, zovala, komanso ziwerengero za anthu m'malo osiyanasiyana zimapangidwa ndikugulitsidwa. Ku Russia, ndalama za yoga zikuwerengedwa kuti ndi ma ruble 45-50 biliyoni. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama kotere kumalola munthu kuti aziyika ndalama mozama pakutsutsa yoga. Ndipo ku United States, makampani a inshuwaransi akukakamira kuti alipire maphunziro a yoga. Ofufuza odziyimira pawokha, ali pomwepo: malinga ndi chidziwitso chawo, makalasi a yoga amachepetsa maulendo opita kuchipatala ndi 43%.
Makalasi pasukulu ya yoga ku USA. Phunziro limodzi limawononga $ 25
6. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zomwe gulu la asayansi komanso ophunzira ku University of Alabama, motsogozedwa ndi Rick Swain, pali 17 kuvulala koopsa kwa akatswiri 100,000 a yoga pachaka. Zonsezi, kafukufuku wa gulu la Swain adapeza kuti mzaka 14 zoyambirira za 21st, opitilira 30,000 aku America adavulala. Swain amakonda kwambiri yoga, koma ngakhale amavomereza kuti yoga ndi yothandiza kwa anthu athanzi lokha. Ndizosatheka kuchiza chilichonse, samatha kuchira kuvulala kapena matenda, mothandizidwa ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi a yoga.
7. Mmodzi wa yogis wodziwika kwambiri, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, adamwalira ndi khansa yapakhosi chifukwa chakumero kosalekeza ali ndi zaka 50. Zina mwambiri kuchokera mu mbiri yake ndizophunzitsanso. Ali mwana, adadziwika pakati pa anzawo, kuwafotokozera kuti sukulu imangophunzitsa kupanga ndalama, ndipo chidziwitso cha sukulu sichimabweretsa kuunikiridwa. Pamsonkano wotchedwa Mwambo Wokuyika Chingwe Chopatulika, Ramakrishna adafuna kulandira chakudya kuchokera m'manja mwa mayi wotsika, yemwe anali pafupifupi wopembedza. Atakula msinkhu, mphunzitsi wamkuluyo, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake wachikulire, mwanjira inayake adalimbikitsa mayi wachuma kuti amange kachisi. Kuphatikiza apo, mchimwene wake wa Ramakrishna adakhala mkulu wansembe wakachisi uyu. Posakhalitsa m'baleyo anadwala kwambiri ndipo anapuma pantchito. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa adalowa m'malo mwake ndipo patapita kanthawi adawunikiridwa kwambiri kwakuti adakwatirana ndi mtsikana wazaka 7, yemwe adamupatsa dzina la Amayi a Chilengedwe. Mwa awiriwa, monga olemba mbiri yakale amalemba, panali ubale wopitilira waumulungu.
Kuyambira pakuwona kwa maphunziro azolimbitsa thupi, yoga ndi ntchito ya anthu athanzi basi. Zowona kuti kwinakwake anthu ena ali ndi thanzi labwino chifukwa cha masewera olimbitsa thupi sizitanthauza kuti mbali ina ya Dziko Lapansi anthu omwe amabwereza zochitikazi adzapezanso thanzi lachitsulo. Okonda ma fanizo atha kutchulidwa ngati chitsanzo ndi azaka zana aku Caucasus. Thanzi lawo, poyang'ana koyamba, limafotokozedwa ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Nyama yambiri, zitsamba, mkate wopanda chotupitsa, vinyo wosakanizidwa, ndi zina zotero. Khalani pa chakudya chotere ndikukhala zaka zana. Tsoka, zakudya zotere sizilandiridwa kwa nzika zamasiku ano zamzindawu. Iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi madzi, mpweya, moyo wachikhalidwe ndi zina. Momwemonso, yoga ili ndi zochitika zolimbitsa thupi zokha, komanso gawo lauzimu ndikuwongolera kwamphamvu zamagetsi. Koma akatswiri ambiri amangoyang'ana asanasana. Ndipo iwo, nthawi zambiri, samasiyana kwambiri ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi.
9. M'nthawi ya ulamuliro wachingelezi, ma yogis, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa yogis, otsitsidwa kuchokera ku fuko longa nkhondo, akukhala ngati olondera mwamisala apaulendo, kukhala anthu otayika omwe amaletsedwa kunyamula zida zawo ndikuwonekera m'misewu maliseche. M'zaka za zana la 19, atalandidwa njira ina iliyonse yopezera ndalama, yogis idasefukira m'misewu ya mizinda yaku India, kuwonetsa mikhalidwe yodabwitsa yomwe amachita pokonzekera zovuta zankhondo. Azungu komanso Amwenye ambiri amawatenga ngati amatsenga bwino, ngati siopusa.
Maliseche a yogis nthawi zonse amadzetsa chisokonezo pakati pa azungu
10. Nkhaniyi "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira zomwe ziyenera kutengedwa komanso magawo omwe ayenera kuthetsedwa panjira yopita kuunyamata wosatha ndikuwunikiridwa kwakukulu. Malinga ndi wolemba bukuli, kuunikiridwa komanso unyamata zitha kupezeka pomeza minofu ndikuzichotsanso, potero amatsuka m'mimba. Kuphatikiza apo, ndibwino kumiza m'madzi mpaka mchombo, mutayika ndodo ya bamboo mu anus. Pali "machitidwe" angapo polemba izi ndi zina zofananira. Otsatira a yoga amakono ayenera kuthokoza kwa m'modzi mwa ofalitsa ake akumadzulo, Krishnamacharya ndi ophunzira ake. Ndiwo omwe adayambitsa maziko a yoga wamadzulo wakumadzulo, posankha m'mabuku akale omwe ndi ovomerezeka kugawa misa. Chifukwa chake ndizopusa kulingalira zomwe ma yogis akuchita tsopano ngati nzeru zamakedzana. Nzeru iyi idapangidwa yakale kwambiri pakati - kumapeto kwa 19th century. Kuchuluka kwa malangizo a yoga ndi achichepere kwambiri.
11. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino komanso olemera kwambiri a yoga, B.K.S.Iyengar, adatsegula njira yopita ku Europe ndi bizinesi yayikulu ndi woyimba vidiyo wamkulu Yehudi Menuhin. Adakonza zisudzo zoyambirira za Iyengar ku Europe, pambuyo pake adakhala mtsogoleri wodziwika. Iyengar adasindikiza mabuku angapo omwe akhala akugulitsa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa ophunzira ake kuli masauzande. Amadziwikanso ndi kuphwanya msana wa m'modzi mwa ophunzira ake odzipereka kwambiri, Viktor van Kutten, potsegulira kumbuyo kwake.
B. Iyengar
12. Mu Marichi 2019, American Rebecca Lee, yemwe wakhala akuchita yoga kuyambira 1996 ndikulemba mabulogu pa Instagram, adachita zovuta pamanja pambuyo pake samva bwino. Pakufufuza, zidapezeka kuti pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, Rebecca adawononga mtsempha womwe umapereka magazi kubongo, ndipo adadwala sitiroko. Atalandira chithandizo, adamva bwino. Rebecca adapitiliza maphunziro ake a yoga, koma tsopano akumva kulira mmanja, akudwala mutu waching'alang'ala ndipo samatha kuyankhula kwanthawi yayitali.
Rebecca Lee akupitilizabe kuchita yoga ngakhale atadwala sitiroko
13. Wolemba ndakatulo, wamatsenga, wamatsenga wakuda komanso Wopembedza Satana Aleister Crowley ankachita yoga pansi pa dzina la Mahatma Guru Sri Paramahamsa Shivaji. Malinga ndi mafani ena a yoga, Crowley amamvetsetsa bwino tanthauzo lake ndipo amadziwa ma asanas angapo. Adalembanso nkhani yokhudza yoga yotchedwa Berashit, momwe amafotokozera momwe amaonera Raja Yoga.
Aleister Crowley ankalambira kuposa Satana
14. "Guru Guru" Bhagavan Shri Radnish, wodziwika bwino monga Osho, adachita zogonana zamagulu kuphatikiza asanas ndi kusinkhasinkha. Malinga ndi zomwe amaphunzitsa, munthu ayenera kuphatikiza kugonana komanso uzimu. Zipembedzo zomwe zimatsutsa zakugonana mwaufulu, Osho amatcha "zipembedzo zotchedwa", ndipo amatcha kugonana "kusinkhasinkha mwamphamvu." Ngakhale dokotala wake atachotsedwa ntchito, mosiyana ndi machitidwe azachipatala, adamutcha Osho wamisala wogonana. Osho anamwalira mu 1990 ali ndi zaka 58. Chifukwa cha imfa chinali kulephera kwa mtima. Kuphatikiza apo, wamkulu wazakugonana amadwala mphumu ndi matenda ashuga.
Kuchulukitsa, kuphatikiza zogonana, sikunabweretse chilichonse ku Bhagavan Shri Radnish
15. Madokotala aku US akugwiritsa ntchito kale matenda opatsirana a yoga phazi. Pakadali pano, amatcha kuvulala kosiyanasiyana kumiyendo yomwe amalandira pa yoga. Nthawi zambiri izi ndizokung'ambika kwa mitsempha ndi minyewa yamtundu uliwonse, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chokhala mwachilendo. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri a yoga atha kukhala ndi mavuto ozungulira muubongo chifukwa cha ma khosi achilengedwe omwe amachita yoga. Zotengera za khosi sizinapangidwe kuti zizipindika mozungulira ndipo sizingaphunzitsidwe. Sukulu zokhudzana ndi kuvulala koteroko zidayamba kupezeka m'magazini azachipatala aku Europe ndi America kale m'ma 1970, koma pakadali pano ochita yoga atha kuvulaza zolakwa za akatswiriwa.
