Kale asayansi achi Greek akale amadabwa ngati munthu adapanga masamu kapena alipo ndipo amatsogolera kukula kwa chilengedwe palokha, ndipo munthu amangomvetsetsa masamu pamlingo winawake. Plato ndi Aristotle ankakhulupirira kuti anthu sangasinthe kapena kusokoneza masamu. Ndikukula kwa sayansi, akuti masamu ndi chinthu chomwe tapatsidwa kuchokera kumwamba, cholimbikitsidwa modabwitsa. Thomas Hobbes wazaka za zana la 18 analemba mwachindunji kuti geometry monga sayansi idaperekedwa kwa munthu ndi Mulungu. Wopambana mphotho ya Nobel a Eugene Wigner kale m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri adatcha chilankhulo cha masamu kuti ndi "mphatso", komabe, Mulungu sanathenso kutchuka, ndipo malinga ndi Wigner, tidalandira mphatsoyo kuchokera ku tsogolo.
Eugene Wigner amatchedwa "wochenjera mwanzeru"
Kutsutsana pakati pa kukula kwa masamu ngati sayansi ndikulimbitsa chikhulupiriro kwakukulu mdziko lathu lapansi, komwe kudakonzedweratu kuchokera kumwamba, kumangowonekera. Ngati ambiri a sayansi aphunzira za dziko lapansi, makamaka, mwaukadaulo - akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo apeza mitundu yatsopano ndikuifotokoza, akatswiri amafufuza kapena amapanga zinthu, ndi zina zotero - ndiye kuti masamu adasiya chidziwitso choyesera kalekale. Komanso, zitha kulepheretsa chitukuko chake. Ngati Galileo Galilei, Newton kapena Kepler, m'malo mopanga lingaliro lokhudza kuyenda kwa mapulaneti ndi ma satellite, atayang'ana kudzera pa telescope usiku, sakanatha kupeza chilichonse. Mothandizidwa ndi kuwerengera masamu komwe adazindikira komwe angalozere telescope, ndikupeza chitsimikiziro cha malingaliro awo ndi kuwerengera. Ndipo popeza tinalandira lingaliro logwirizana, labwino kwambiri la masamu la kayendedwe ka zakuthambo, zinali zotheka bwanji kukhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo, yemwe adakonza chilengedwe chonse bwinobwino?
Chifukwa chake, asayansi akamaphunzira zambiri za dziko lapansi ndikulifotokoza pogwiritsa ntchito masamu, chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikulumikizana kwa zida zamasamba pamalamulo achilengedwe. Newton adapeza kuti mphamvu yokoka yokoka ndiyofanana ndi lalikulu la mtunda pakati pa matupi. Lingaliro la "lalikulu", ndiye kuti, digiri yachiwiri, lidawonekera masamu kalekale, koma mozizwitsa lidafika pofotokoza lamuloli. Pansipa pali chitsanzo chogwiritsa ntchito masamu modabwitsa pofotokozera momwe zinthu zimayambira.
1. Mwachidziwikire, lingaliro loti dziko lotizungulira limayambira masamu lidayamba kubwera m'mutu mwa Archimedes. Sichinthu chokhudza ngakhale mbiri yodziwika yokhudza kudzaza ndi kusintha kwa dziko. Archimedes, zachidziwikire, sanathe kutsimikizira kuti chilengedwe chimayambira masamu (ndipo palibe amene angathe). Katswiri wa masamu adatha kumva kuti chilichonse m'chilengedwe chitha kufotokozedwa ndi njira zamasamu (nazi, fulcrum!), Ndipo ngakhale zomwe apeza mtsogolo zamasamu zakhala zikupezeka m'chilengedwe kwinakwake. Mfundo ndikungopeza izi.
2. Wamasamu waku England a Godfrey Hardy anali wofunitsitsa kukhala wasayansi wampando wokhala mdziko lokhalamo anthu ambiri osavomerezeka pamasamu kotero m'buku lake lomwe, lotchedwa "The Apology of a Mathematician," adalemba kuti palibe chilichonse chomwe adachita chofunikira pamoyo wake. Zovulaza, inde, nazonso - masamu okhaokha. Komabe, pomwe dokotala waku Germany a Wilhelm Weinberg adasanthula momwe majini amakulira mwa anthu ambiri osasamuka, adatsimikizira kuti mawonekedwe amtundu wa nyama sasintha, pogwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa ntchito za Hardy. Ntchitoyi inali yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa manambala achilengedwe, ndipo lamuloli limatchedwa Weinberg-Hardy Law. Wolemba mnzake wa Weinberg nthawi zambiri anali fanizo loyenda la lingaliro la "kukhala chete". Asanayambe ntchito pa umboni, otchedwa. Vuto laling'ono la Goldbach kapena vuto la Euler (nambala iliyonse ngakhale itha kuyimiriridwa ngati kuchuluka kwa ma primes awiri) Hardy adati: Wopusa aliyense angaganize izi. Hardy anamwalira mu 1947; umboni wa chiphunzitsochi sunapezekebe.
Ngakhale anali wovuta, Godfrey Hardy anali katswiri wamasamu wamphamvu kwambiri.
3. Wotchuka Galileo Galilei m'kalembedwe kake "Assaying Master" adalemba mwachindunji kuti Chilengedwe, monga buku, chimatseguka kwa aliyense, koma bukuli limangowerengedwa ndi iwo okha omwe amadziwa chilankhulo chomwe adalembedwera. Ndipo zalembedwa mchinenero cha masamu. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, Galileo adatha kupeza ma satelayiti a Jupiter ndikuwerengera mayendedwe awo, ndikuwonetsa kuti mawanga padzuwa amapezeka molunjika pankhope ya nyenyeziyo, pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga. Kuzunzidwa kwa Galileo ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika kudayambitsidwa ndichikhulupiriro chake kuti kuwerenga buku la Chilengedwe ndichizindikiritso chaumulungu. Kadinala Bellarmine, amene analingalira za wasayansi mu Mpingo Woyera Koposa, anazindikira msanga kuopsa kwa malingaliro oterowo. Zinali chifukwa cha ngoziyi kuti Galileo adafinyidwa povomereza kuti likulu la chilengedwe chonse ndi Dziko Lapansi. M'chinenero chamakono, zinali zosavuta kufotokoza m'maulaliki kuti Galileo adalowerera m'Malemba Oyera kuposa kufotokoza mfundo zoyandikira kuphunzira kwa Chilengedwe kwanthawi yayitali.
Galileo pa mlandu wake
4. Katswiri wa masamu a sayansi ya zamankhwala Mitch Feigenbaum adazindikira mu 1975 kuti ngati mungachite mobwerezabwereza kuwerengera kwa ntchito zina za masamu pa microcalculator, zotsatira za kuwerengetsa kwake zimakhala 4.669 ... Feigenbaum mwiniyo sanathe kufotokoza izi, koma adalemba nkhani yokhudza izi. Pambuyo pakuwunikiridwa ndi anzawo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, nkhaniyi idabwezedwa kwa iye, ndikumulangiza kuti asamalabadire zochitika zadzidzidzi - masamu pambuyo pake. Ndipo pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti kuwerengetsa kotere kumafotokoza bwino momwe helium yamadzi ikatenthedwera kuchokera pansi, madzi mu chitoliro amasandulika chipwirikiti (ndipamene madzi amathamangira kuchokera pampopu ndi ma thovu amlengalenga) komanso madzi akungotuluka chifukwa cha mpopi wosatsekedwa.
Kodi Mitchell Feigenbaum akadazindikira chiyani akadakhala ndi iPhone ali wachinyamata?
5. Tate wamasamu amakono onse, kupatula masamu, ndi Rene Descartes yemwe ali ndi dongosolo loyang'anira lomwe limadziwika pambuyo pake. Ma Descartes amaphatikiza ma algebra ndi ma geometry, kuwabweretsa ku mulingo watsopano. Anapanga masamu kukhala sayansi yophatikiza zonse. Euclid wamkulu adatanthauzira mfundo ngati chinthu chopanda phindu ndipo chosagawika m'magawo. Ku Descartes, mfundoyi idakhala ntchito. Tsopano, mothandizidwa ndi ntchito, timafotokozera njira zonse zopanda mzere kuchokera pakumwa kwa mafuta kuti musinthe kulemera kwanu - mukungofunika kupeza njira yolondola. Komabe, zokonda za Descartes zinali zazikulu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kutukuka kwa ntchito zake kudafika nthawi ya Galileo, ndipo a Descartes, malinga ndi zomwe ananena, sanafune kutulutsa mawu amodzi omwe amatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha tchalitchi. Ndipo popanda izi, ngakhale adavomerezedwa ndi Cardinal Richelieu, adatembereredwa ndi Akatolika komanso Aprotestanti. A Descartes adatengera nzeru za anthu wamba kenako adamwalira mwadzidzidzi ku Sweden.
Rene Descartes
6. Nthawi zina zimawoneka kuti dokotala waku London komanso wosamalira zakale William Stukeley, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi mnzake wa Isaac Newton, amayenera kuti adatsata njira zina zochokera ku nkhokwe ya Holy Inquisition. Ndi dzanja lake lowala pomwe nthano ya apulo yaku Newtonia idapita padziko lonse lapansi. Monga, mwanjira inayake ndimabwera kwa bwenzi langa Isaac nthawi isanu-koloko, timapita kumunda, ndipo pamenepo maapulo amagwa. Tenga Isaki, ndikuganiza: bwanji maapulo amangogwera? Umu ndi momwe lamulo lokoka mphamvu ya chilengedwe linabadwa pamaso pa wantchito wanu wodzichepetsa. Kuyipitsa kwathunthu kafukufuku wasayansi. M'malo mwake, Newton mu "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" adalemba mwachindunji kuti mwa masamu adapeza mphamvu yokoka kuzinthu zakuthambo. Kukula kwa zomwe Newton anapeza ndi kovuta kwambiri kuziyerekeza. Kupatula apo, tikudziwa tsopano kuti nzeru zonse zadziko lapansi zimakwanira pafoni, ndipo malo adzakhalabe. Koma tiyeni tidziyese tokha pamamuna a m'zaka za zana la 17, yemwe adakwanitsa kufotokoza kuyenda kwa zinthu zakuthambo zosawoneka komanso momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito ndi masamu osavuta. Fotokozani chifuniro cha Mulungu mwa kuchuluka. Moto wa Khoti Lalikulu lamilandu la Inquisition sunali kuyakanso pofika nthawiyo, koma pamaso paumunthu panali zaka zosachepera 100. Mwina Newton iyemwini adakonda kuti kwa unyinji kunali kuunikira kwaumulungu ngati apulo, ndipo sanatsutse nkhaniyi - anali munthu wopembedza kwambiri.
Chiwembu chapamwamba ndi Newton ndi apulo. Zaka za wasayansi zikuwonetsedwa molondola - pa nthawi yomwe anapeza, Newton anali ndi zaka 23
7. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza mawu okhudza Mulungu ndi katswiri wamasamu Pierre-Simon Laplace. Napoleon atafunsa chifukwa chomwe Mulungu sanatchulidwe ngakhale kamodzi m'mabuku asanu a Celestial Mechanics, Laplace adayankha kuti safunika lingaliro lotere. Laplace analidi wosakhulupirira, koma yankho lake siliyenera kumasuliridwa mwanjira yosatsutsika kuti kulibe Mulungu. Pazovuta ndi katswiri wina wamasamu, a Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Laplace adatsimikiza kuti lingaliro limafotokoza zonse, koma salosera chilichonse. Katswiri wa masamu ananenetsa moona mtima: adalongosola momwe zinthu ziliri, koma momwe zidakhalira komanso komwe zimayang'ana, samatha kuneneratu. Ndipo Laplace adawona ntchito ya sayansi ndendende mu izi.
Pierre-Simon Laplace
