Anachotsa alonda freelancer, omwe anali atapachika lupanga la Damocles pamfumu yachi Russia kwazaka zambiri. Kukweza kayendetsedwe kaboma. Ndalama zabwino zaboma. Adachita ntchito zambiri kukonzekera kuthetsedwa kwa serfdom. Ndinapanga bwalo kuti lizilankhula Chirasha. Iye anali mwamuna ndi bambo wabwino. Anamanga njanji zoyamba ku Russia.
Mwamanyazi anataya Nkhondo ya Crimea. Anatseka njira yophunzitsira anthu ochokera kwa anthu wamba. Adasokoneza malingaliro atsopano m'njira iliyonse. Adapanga Gulu Lachitatu, lomwe ladzaza dziko lonselo ndi mahema azidziwitso. Adatsogolera mfundo zovuta zakunja. Anagwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zomwe zinali zotheka. Anaphwanya dziko la Poland, lomwe linali kufunafuna ufulu.
Uku sikukuyerekeza kwa anthu awiri akale. Izi zonse ndizokhudza Emperor waku Russia a Nicholas I (1796 - 1855, wolamulira kuyambira 1825). Palibe amene akananeneratu za mawonekedwe ake pampando wachifumu. Komabe, a Nicholas I adalamulira Ufumu waku Russia kuti akhale anayi olimba, oletsa zisokonezo, kulimbikitsa mphamvu zaboma ndikuwonjezera gawo la boma. Chododometsa - umboni wa mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa Nikolai inali imfa yake. Adamwalira ali pabedi lake, ndikusamutsira mwana wake mphamvu, ndipo palibe amene adalimbana ndi cholowa ichi. Osati onse olamulira mwankhanza ku Russia adachita izi.
1. Little Nikolai Pavlovich amasamaliridwa ndi antchito onse. Amakhala ndi ma stokers 8 ndi ma lackeys, atsikana 4, ma valets awiri ndi chipinda chamagetsi, azimayi awiri "usiku" omwe ali pantchito, bonn, namwino, namwino komanso mphunzitsi wokhala ndiudindo wamkulu. Mwanayo adagulung'undidwa mozungulira nyumba yachifumuyo ndi ngolo yonyamula. Popeza mayendedwe a anthu omwe adavekedwa korona adalembedwa mu magazini yapadera, ndikosavuta kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale Emperor Paul I, kapena Amayi Maria Feodorovna sanapatse Nicholas chidwi chawo. Amayi nthawi zambiri amapita kwa mwana kwa theka la ola, kapena osachepera, asanadye chakudya (adamupatsa 21:00). Abambo amakonda kuwona anawo mchimbudzi cham'mawa, ndikupatsanso ana nthawi yochepa. Agogo aakazi a Catherine I Ndinali wokoma mtima kwambiri kwa ana, koma adamwalira pomwe mfumu yamtsogolo inali isanathe ngakhale miyezi sikisi. Nzosadabwitsa kuti munthu wapafupi kwambiri ndi Nicholas anali mwana wachinyamata waku Scotland. Popeza anali atakhala mfumu, Nikolai ndi banja lake nthawi zina amayimitsidwa ndi Charlotte Lieven kuti amwe tiyi. Usiku wa kuphedwa kwa abambo ake (malinga ndi zomwe boma limanena, Paul I adamwalira ndi sitiroko yopanda madzi pa Marichi 12, 1801) Nicholas sanakumbukire, kupachikidwa kokha kwa mchimwene wake Alexander kumakumbukiridwa.
2. Nikolai atakwanitsa zaka 10, anamwino ndi ma lackeys adatha. General Count Matvey Lamsdorf adakhala mphunzitsi wamkulu wa Grand Duke. Mfundo yayikulu yophunzitsira ya Lamsdorf inali "Gwirani ndipo musatuluke." Nthawi zonse amapanga zoletsa zopangira a Nicholas, chifukwa chophwanya zomwe Grand Duke adamenyedwa ndi olamulira, ndodo, ndodo komanso ma ramrod (tsoka, "mutha kukhudza kalonga wamagazi achifumu kuti mumudule mutu", izi sizathu). Amayi sanali otsutsa, mchimwene wake wamkulu, Emperor Alexander I, sanawone kuwala kapena mng'ono wake kumbuyo kwakusintha kwa ufulu (anali asanawonane kwa zaka zitatu). Kuyankha kwa mnyamatayo kunatsimikizira Lamsdorf - tiyenera kupitiliza kumenya nkhanza Grand Grand, chifukwa ndiwosayenerera, wopanda nzeru, wopupuluma komanso waulesi. Kulimbana konseku sikulepheretse Nikolai kukhala wamkulu wazaka 12 - adakhala woyang'anira kavalo wamkulu wazaka zitatu (malipiro ake anali ma ruble 1,000).
3. Amayi ndi mchimwene wanga wamkulu sanalole wachinyamata wamkulu kupita ku Patriotic War ya 1812, koma Nikolai ndi mchimwene wake Mikhail adatenga nawo gawo pantchito yaku Europe. Ngakhale awiriawiri - abale adalamula mabomawo pamwambo wapadera pambuyo pa "Masiku mazana a Napoliyoni." Kuchokera pamsonkhano woyamba, Nikolai adabweretsa chikho chofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wake - mtima wa Mfumukazi Frederica-Louise-Charlotte Wilhelmina, yemwe mu 1817 adakhala mkazi wake, kenako mfumukazi yaku Russia komanso mayi wa ana 8.
4. Ukwati ndi Charlotte unachitika pa Julayi 1, 1817, patsiku lake lobadwa. Pa June 24, Charlotte adabatizidwa kulowa Orthodoxy dzina lake Alexandra Feodorovna. Manifesto, olembedwa ndi wamkulu komanso wolemba ganyu Alexander Shishkov (yemwe adamenya nkhondo ndi Nikolai Karamzin chifukwa cha mawu oti "makampani" ndi "msewu") adawerengedwa ndi Emperor Alexander I. Tili ndi ngongole kwa Charlotte-Alexandra Fedorovna mtengo wa Chaka Chatsopano - ndiye amene adalimbikitsa izi kongoletsani mtengo wobiriwira nthawi zonse pa Khrisimasi.
5. Patangodutsa miyezi 9 chichitikireni ukwati, Alexandra adabereka mwana wamwamuna yemwe amayenera kukhala Emperor Alexander I I. Woyamba kubadwa, mosadziwa, adalemetsa makolo ake. Chaka chotsatira atabadwa, amalume, omwe akuyimiridwa ndi mfumu yopanda mwana ndi Constantine wopusa, adabwera ku chakudya chamadzulo ndikuuza Nikolai ndi Alexandra kuti, chifukwa cha zokonda zawo komanso kusowa kwa ana, Nikolai ayenera kulandira korona wachifumu waku Russia. Pofuna kutsimikizira mnyamatayo, Alexander I adati mwina sangachotse pampando mawa, koma "akadzamva izi".
6. Zowopsa pamaganizidwe a anthu amasiku ano komanso olemba mbiri za mfumu yamtsogolo zinali zowona kuti Nicholas, akadali Grand Duke, adalamula kuti apolisi azigwira ntchito. Kuyambira nthawi ya Peter III, omenyera ufulu wa asitikali apeza mawonekedwe omwe sanachitikepo. Grand Duke adachita zipsinjo zowopsa: maofesala adalamulidwa kuti akawonekere mu regiment yokhayo yunifolomu. Maonekedwe azovala zankhondo sanatchulidwepo (ena mwa asitikaliwo anabwera kudzawayendera atavala mkanjo - pambuyo pake, sayenera kusintha asanadye chakudya).
7. Nikolay adalemba zolemba zake zomwe zimabalalika, pomwe titha kuphunzira kuti adakumana ndi maudindo onyamula mapilo ndi zinthu zina zofananira kumaphiketi akumunda. Chilango chokhwima kwambiri ngati kumangidwa komwe chidachotsedwa pomwepo m'malo mwa magulu 10 adawawona apolisiwo mwankhanza kwambiri. Grand Duke iyemwini adalemba kuti samamumvetsetsa ndipo samafuna kumvetsetsa, ndipo "zonyansa zankhondo" zidatsogozedwa ndi gawo laling'ono la "olankhula ulesi." Kukhazikitsa dongosolo m'magulu awiri okha (Nikolai adalamula kuti Izmailovsky ndi Jaegersky regiment) zitheke kuyesayesa kwakukulu.
8. Kuukira kwa a Decembrists ndikulowa kwa Nicholas pampando wachifumu ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zakhala zotsutsana kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia. Mizere yomwe ili ndi madontho ikuwonetsa zochitika zazikulu izi. Nicholas adatenga mpando wachifumu mwalamulo - Alexander I adamwalira, kulembedwa kwa Constantine kudalembedwa. Chiwembu chinali chakhala chikukhwima kale pakati pa oyang'anira apakati - abwana amafuna ufulu. Anthu anzeru mu utsogoleri wapamwamba amadziwa bwino za chiwembucho - kazembe yemweyo wa St. Petersburg, Count Miloradovich, yemwe adaphedwa ku Senate Square, nthawi zonse anali ndi mndandanda wa "ubale" mthumba mwake. Pa mphindi yabwino, anthu anzeru adayamba, chifukwa chosazindikira, kubweretsa asitikali ndi anthu wamba kulumbira kwa Constantine. Ndiye kunapezeka kuti iye anali kulumbira kukhulupirika Nikolai. Kutentha kunayamba, achiwembuwo anaganiza kuti nthawi yawo yafika. Ndipo adamenyadi - nthawi ina pa Disembala 14, 1825, gulu lankhondo lokonza ma Life Guards lokha ndi lomwe linayimitsa gulu la asirikali kutsogolo kwa khomo la Winter Palace, komwe kunali banja la mfumu yatsopanoyo. Miyala ndi timitengo adaponyera Nicholas ndi gulu lake lankhondo, ndipo adadutsa ku Senate atangoperekezedwa ndi anthu angapo. Emperor adapulumutsidwa ndi kutsimikiza kwake - pakatikati pa likulu, sikuti aliyense amatha kuwombera mfuti ndi mfuti kwa asitikali ake. Kusagwirizana kwa "zotsutsana ndi machitidwe" panthawiyo kudathandizanso. Pomwe a Decembrists adaganizira kuti ndi uti mwa olamulira mwankhanza omwe adabisala, asitikali aboma adatsekereza opandukawo, ndipo pofika madzulo zonse zidatha.
9. Madzulo a Disembala 14, 1825, Nicholas I adasinthiratu. Izi zidadziwika ndi aliyense - onse mkazi ndi amayi, komanso omwe amakhala pafupi naye. Emperor adabwerera kunyumba yachifumu kuchokera ku Senate Square. Adachita moyenera panthawi yofufuza za chiwembucho komanso kuwukira kwa Decembrists. Ndipo amayenera kupirira zochepa kuposa bwaloli, pomwe kuyandikira kwa gulu lililonse latsopano kungatanthauze kupambana kapena imfa. Tsopano mfumu inadziwa mtengo wa kukhulupirika ndi kusakhulupirika. Ambiri anali okhudzidwa kapena amadziwa za chiwembucho. Kunali kosatheka kulanga aliyense, kunali kosatheka kukhululuka. Kunyengerera - amuna opachikidwa asanu, kugwira ntchito molimbika, kuthamangitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri - sizinakhutiritse aliyense. Aufulu adafuwula za banga lamagazi m'mbiri ya Russia, omvera malamulo adadodometsedwa - zaka 30 zokha zinali zitadutsa kuchokera pomwe omwe adamupangira chiwembu bambo awo, ndipo Tsar adawonetsa kufatsa kotereku. Kudandaula ndi chisokonezo zonsezi zinali pamapewa a Nicholas I - adamupempha, adamupempha, adamfunsa ...
10. Nicholas I adasiyanitsidwa ndi khama lalikulu. Kale pa 8 koloko anayamba kulandira atumiki. Ola limodzi ndi theka adapatsidwa izi, ndikutsatira ntchito ndi malipoti a dzina lapamwamba kwambiri. Emperor anali ndi lamulo - yankho ku chikalata chomwe chikubwera liyenera kubwera tsiku lomwelo. Zikuwonekeratu kuti sizinali zotheka kutsatira izi nthawi zonse, koma lamuloli lidalipo. Maola otsegulanso adayambanso 12. Pambuyo pawo, Nikolai ankakonda kuyendera bungwe lililonse kapena bizinesi, ndipo adachita izi popanda chenjezo. Emperor adadya 3 koloko, kenako adakhala pafupifupi ola limodzi ndi ana. Kenako adagwira ntchito ndi zikalata mpaka usiku.
11. Kutsatira kuukira pa Disembala 14, Nicholas adazindikira zolondola: amfumu ayenera kukhala ndi wolowa m'malo m'modzi, wovomerezedwa ndikukonzekera mpando wachifumu. Chifukwa chake, ngati kuli kotheka, ankachita nawo maphunziro a mwana wake wamwamuna Alexander. Zowonjezera, zowonadi, kuwongolera kwamaleredwe - mafumu nthawi zambiri amasowa chisangalalo cholumikizana pafupipafupi ndi ana. Olowa nyumba atakula, adapatsidwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mapeto ake, adalandira udindo wa "Emperor Emperor" pomwe sanali ku St. Ndipo mawu otsiriza a Nikolai asanamwalire adalembera wolowa m'malo. Adati, "Gwira chilichonse."
12. Chovala chobiriwira ndi choyera, chithunzi cha mfumukazi pa bere lamanja - mawonekedwe apamwamba a mdzakazi waulemu. Varvara Nelidova adavalanso zovala zotere. Amakhala wokonda yekhayo Nicholas kunja kwaukwati. Zomwe zidafufuzidwa m'mabuku mazana azimayi: mwamunayo amakonda mkazi wake, yemwe sangamupatsenso zomwe amafunikira mwakuthupi. Wopikisana naye wachinyamata komanso wathanzi amawoneka, ndipo ... Koma palibe "ndipo" zidachitika. Alexander anatseka maso ake chakuti mwamuna wake anali ndi mbuye. Nikolai anapitiliza kulemekeza mkazi wake, koma amamveranso Varenka. Ndi ma Athos ochokera ku "Musketeers Atatu" omwe mafumu pakubadwa ali pamwamba pa anthu onse. Mmoyo weniweni, amakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kuposa omwe amapereka ndalama. Mkazi wamkulu wa nkhaniyi ndi Varvara Nelidova. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma ruble 200,000 kwa mwana wake wamkazi wachisanu m'banja losauka labwino, lomwe adapatsidwa ndi Nikolai, adapereka kwa zosowa za olumala ndikufuna kusiya atsikana olemekezeka mnyumba yachifumu. Pempho la amayi ake, Alexander I ndidawakakamiza kuti akhalebe. Varvara adamwalira mu 1897. Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich adapita kumaliro ake. Zaka 65 zapitazo, atabadwa, madokotala adaletsa kubadwa kwa Alexandra Fedorovna, pambuyo pake chibwenzi cha Nikolai ndi Varvara chinayamba. Palibe mbuye wina aliyense m'mbiri yemwe angakhale wonyadira zaulemu.
13. Nikolai analidi, monga Leo Tolstoy adalemba, "Palkin". Zokakamira - shpitsruteny - kenako zidaphatikizidwa m'malamulo ankhondo ngati imodzi mwazilango. Asitikali adapatsidwa kumenyedwa 100 kumbuyo ndi ndodo yothiridwa mu mchere wamchere, wopitilira mita imodzi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 4 m'mimba, chifukwa chophwanya yunifolomu. Pazophwanya zowopsa kwambiri, mphambu za gauges zidapita kwa masauzande. Sikunalimbikitsidwe kupereka ma gaji opitilira 3,000, koma panali zochulukirapo m'malo nthawi imeneyo, ndipo ngakhale zikwapu chikwi zinali zokwanira kuti munthu wamba afe. Nthawi yomweyo, Nikolai anali wonyada kuti sanagwiritse ntchito chilango cha imfa. Emperor yemwenso adatsimikiza kuti izi ndizotsutsana ndi izi chifukwa kuti ndodozo zili mgwirizanowu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, ngakhale ataphedwa, ndilololedwa.
14. Malangizo oyendetsera mabungwe akuluakulu aboma koyambirira kwa ulamuliro wa Nikolai anali motere. Nthawi ina pafupifupi 10 koloko, adaganiza zopita ku Senate. M'zaka zimenezo, Senate inali bungwe lalikulu kwambiri mdziko muno - china chake ngati Cabinet of Minerals, koma ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo. Panalibe mkulu m'modzi ku Criminal department. Kutamandidwa kwa Emperor - sananene momveka bwino za kupambana komaliza kwaupandu. Nikolay adapita ku Dipatimenti Yachiwiri (madipatimenti "owerengeka" anali milandu komanso milandu yolembetsa) - chithunzi chomwecho. Kokha mu Dipatimenti Yachitatu pomwe autocrat adakumana ndi senator wamoyo. Nikolai adamuuza mokweza kuti: "Tavern!" nanyamuka. Ngati wina akuganiza kuti masenema adamva chisoni pambuyo pake, adalakwitsa - anali Nikolai yekha yemwe adamva zoyipa. Kuyesera kwake, mmawu amakono, kumenya, kudawonekera. Asenema adalimbana kuti adziwitse tsar kuti anthu wamba samachoka kwawo isanakwane 10, kuti mchimwene wa Emperor Alexander wapano, Mulungu apumulitse moyo wake, adachitira anthu abwino kwambiri mu Ufumuwo mofatsa ndikuwalola kuti awonekere nthawi ya 10 kapena 11 koloko. Pamenepo ndipo adaganiza. Umu ndi momwe ufulu ...
15. Nikolai sanali kuwopa anthu. Mu Januwale 1830, madyerero akulu adachitikira ku Winter Palace kwa aliyense. Ntchito ya apolisi inali yongopewa kuponderezana ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa omwe amapezeka - sipayenera kukhala anthu opitilira 4,000 nthawi imodzi. Momwe apolisi adakwanitsira kuchita izi sizikudziwika, koma zonse zimayenda bwino komanso mwamtendere. Nicholas ndi mkazi wake amayenda kudutsa mnyumbamo ndi ochepa omwe anali nawo - khamu lidatseguka patsogolo pawo ndikutseka kumbuyo kwa banja lachifumu. Atatha kukambirana ndi anthu, amfumu ndi mfumukazi adapita ku Hermitage kukadya mgulu la anthu 500.
16. Nicholas Ndidawonetsa kulimba mtima sikungopezeka ndi zipolopolo zokha. Pakati pa mliri wa kolera, pomwe umagwedezeka ku Moscow, mfumuyo idabwera mumzinda ndikukhala masiku onse pakati pa anthu, kuyendera mabungwe, zipatala, misika, malo osungira ana amasiye. Woyenda wapansi yemwe adatsuka chipinda cha amfumu komanso mayi yemwe amasamalira nyumba yachifumuyo pakalibe mwini wake adamwalira. Nikolai adakhala ku Moscow masiku asanu ndi atatu, ndikulimbikitsa omwe adagwa ndi mzimu wamzindawu, ndikubwerera ku St. Petersburg atatumikira kwaokha milungu iwiri.
17. Taras Shevchenko anatumizidwa kunkhondo osati chifukwa cha chikondi chake cha ufulu kapena luso lolemba. Adalemba ma libels awiri - imodzi pa Nicholas I, yachiwiri kwa mkazi wake. Kuwerenga zabodza zomwe zidalembedwa za iye, Nikolai adaseka. Mawu achiwiriwo adamupangitsa kuti akwiye kwambiri. Adayitana Tsarina Shevchenko wowonda, wamiyendo yopyapyala, wopukusa mutu. Inde, Alexandra Fedorovna anali wowonda kwambiri, yemwe adakulitsa chifukwa cha kubala pafupipafupi. Ndipo pa Disembala 14, 1825, adatsala pang'ono kudwala matenda opha ziwalo, ndipo mutu wake udanjenjemera munthawi yachisangalalo. Kuzindikira kwa Shevchenko kunali konyansa - Alexandra Fedorovna adagula zithunzi za Zhukovsky ndi ndalama zake. Chithunzichi chidaseweredwa mu lottery, ndi ndalama zomwe Shevchenko adagula kuchokera ku serfdom. Mfumuyo imadziwa za izi, koma chinthu chachikulu chinali chakuti Shevchenko amadziwa za izi. Zowonadi, kuthamangitsidwa kwake ngati msirikali kunali mtundu wachifundo - paulendo wa Shevchenko wopita kumalo aboma kwinakwake ku Sakhalin, nkhani ipezeka pankhaniyi.
18. Ulamuliro wa Nicholas I pankhani yakulimbikitsa ndikukulitsa dziko la Russia sichinachitikepo. Kusuntha malirewo makilomita 500 kupita kukulitsa gawo la Russia kunali momwe zinthu zimayendera. Adjutant General Vasily Perovsky mu 1851 adakhazikitsa sitima zoyambirira kuwoloka Nyanja ya Aral. Malire a Ufumu wa Russia adayamba kuyenda makilomita 1,000 kumwera kuposa kale. Nikolai Muravyov, pokhala Bwanamkubwa wa Tula, adapereka kwa Nicholas I dongosolo lachitukuko ndikukulitsa Russia Far East. Izi ndizoyenera - Muraviev adalandira mphamvu ndikupita ku Dziko Lolonjezedwa. Chifukwa cha zovuta zake, Ufumuwo udalandila pafupifupi kilomita miliyoni miliyoni za madera.
naintini.Nkhondo ya Crimea idakhalabe chilonda chosachira m'mbiri ya Russia komanso mu mbiri ya Nicholas I. Ngakhale mbiri yakugwa kwa ufumuwu ambiri amayamba ndikumenyana kwachiwiri uku pakati pa Russia ndi European Union. Woyamba, Napoleonic, adagwidwa ndi mchimwene wake wa Nikolai Alexander. Nikolay sanathe kupirira chachiwiri. Osakhala kazembe kapena wankhondo. Mwinamwake malo obadulira ufumuwo anali ku Sevastopol mu 1854. Nikolai sanakhulupirire kuti mphamvu zachikhristu zitha kupanga mgwirizano ndi Turkey. Sanakhulupirire kuti mafumu achibale, omwe amasunga mphamvu zawo mu 1848, amupereka. Ngakhale adakumana ndi zoterezi - nzika zaku Petersburg zidamuponyera mitengo ndi miyala mu 1825, osachita manyazi ndi ulemu wawo kwa womunyamulira Mulungu. Ndipo nzika zamaphunziro sizinakhumudwitse, popeza zinagwira ntchito molingana ndi pepala lodziwika bwino: boma lowola silinapatse asitikali zipolopolo (nsapato zokhala ndi zidendene zamakatoni zidakumbukiridwa pazonse), zipolopolo ndi chakudya. Chifukwa cha nkhondoyi, Russia sinataye madera ake, koma choyipa kwambiri, idataya ulemu.
20. Nkhondo ya Crimea inabweretsa Nicholas I kumanda. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1855, adadwala chimfine kapena chimfine. Patangodutsa masiku asanu chichitikireni matendawo, adavomereza kuti "samakhala bwino konse" Emperor sanalandire aliyense, koma anapitiliza kugwira ntchito ndi zikalatazo. Osamva bwino, Nikolai adapita kukawona zigawenga zomwe zimachoka kutsogolo. Kuchokera ku hypothermia yatsopano - mayunifolomu amakono amawerengedwa nyengo yotentha - matendawa adakulirakulira ndikusanduka chibayo. Pa February 17, mfumuyi idayamba kuchepa, ndipo patangodutsa masana ochepa pa February 18, 1855, Nicholas I adamwalira. Pafupifupi mphindi zomaliza za moyo wake, adakhalabe wanzeru, ali ndi nthawi yolamula kuti apange maliro ndi thupi lake.
21. Panali mphekesera zambiri zakumwalira kwa a Nicholas I, koma alibe maziko. Matenda aliwonse ovuta m'zaka zimenezo anali akupha. Zaka za 60 zidalinso zolemekezeka. Inde, ambiri amakhala ndi moyo wautali, koma mfumuyo idakhala ndi nkhawa zaka 30 zakubwera pambuyo pake. Tsar iyemwini adapereka chifukwa cha mphekesera - adalamula kuti akonze thupi ndi thandizo lamagetsi. Zinangowonjezera kuwonongeka. Omwe adabwera kudzatsanzikana adamva kununkhira, ndipo kuwonongeka mwachangu chinali chizindikiro cha poyizoni.
