Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid ku-Tikriti (1937-2006) - Wandale komanso wandale waku Iraq, Purezidenti wa Iraq (1979-2003), Prime Minister waku Iraq (1979-1991 ndi 1994-2003).
Secretary General wa Baath Party, Wapampando wa Revolutionary Command Council ndi Marshal. Adakhala mutu woyamba mdzikolo kuphedwa mzaka za 21st.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Hussein, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Saddam Hussein.
Mbiri ya Hussein
Saddam Hussein adabadwa pa Epulo 28, 1937 m'mudzi wa Al-Auja. Iye anakulira m'banja losavuta, ndipo ngakhale osauka osauka.
Malinga ndi ena, abambo ake, a Hussein Abd al-Majid, adasowa miyezi 6 Saddam asanabadwe, malinga ndi ena, adamwalira kapena kusiya banja. Purezidenti anali ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu yemwe adamwalira ndi khansa ali mwana.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Mayi ake a Saddam ali ndi pakati, adali wokhumudwa kwambiri. Mayiyo mpaka anafuna kuchotsa mimba ndikudzipha. Mwana wake atabadwa, thanzi lake lidakula kwambiri kotero kuti sanafune ngakhale kumuwona mwanayo.
Amalume akuchikazi adapulumutsa Saddam pomutengera kubanja lawo. Mwamuna wina atachita nawo chiwembu chodana ndi Britain, adamangidwa ndikumangidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, mnyamatayo adayenera kubwerera kwa amayi ake.
Pakadali pano, mchimwene wa abambo a Saddam Hussein, a Ibrahim al-Hasan, mwachizolowezi adakwatirana ndi amayi ake. Zotsatira zake, banjali lidakhala ndi anyamata atatu ndi atsikana awiri. Banja limakhala mu umphawi wadzaoneni, chifukwa cha izi ana amakhala akusowa zakudya m'thupi.
Abambowo analangiza mwana wawo wamwamuna wopeza kuti aziweta ziweto. Kuphatikiza apo, Ibrahim nthawi ndi nthawi amamenya Saddam ndikumunyoza. Ubwana wanjala, kunyozedwa kosalekeza komanso nkhanza zimakhudza kwambiri kukulitsa umunthu wa Hussein.
Komabe, mwanayo anali ndi abwenzi ambiri, chifukwa anali wochezeka ndipo amadziwa momwe angapezere anthu kwa iye. Nthawi ina, abale anga adabwera kudzacheza ndi bambo anga opeza, omwe anali ndi mwana wazaka zofanana ndi Saddam. Atayamba kudzitama kuti amadziwa kale kuwerenga ndi kuwerengera, Hussein adathamangira kwa Ibrahim ndikuyamba kumupempha kuti amutumize kusukulu.
Komabe, bambo opezawo adamenyanso mwana wopeza, chifukwa chake adaganiza zothawa kwawo. Saddam adathawira ku Tikrit kuti ayambe sukulu kumeneko. Zotsatira zake, adayambanso kukhala m'banja la amalume ake, omwe anali atamasulidwa kale.
Hussein adaphunzira mwachidwi maphunziro onse, koma anali ndi machitidwe oyipa. Pali chodziwika bwino pomwe adayika njoka yapoizoni m'thumba la mphunzitsi wosakondedwa, yemwe adathamangitsidwa kusukulu.
Ali ndi zaka 15, tsoka lalikulu lidachitika mu mbiri ya Saddam Hussein - kavalo wokondedwa wake adamwalira. Wachinyamata adamva zowawa zam'mutu kotero kuti mkono wake udapunduka kwa milungu ingapo. Pambuyo pake, atalangizidwa ndi amalume ake, adaganiza zopita ku sukulu yapamwamba yotsogola, koma samakhoza mayeso.
Pamapeto pake, Hussein adakhala wophunzira pasukulu ya al-Karh, yomwe inali malo achitetezo okonda dziko lako. Apa ndi pomwe adalandira sekondale.
Ntchito zachipani
Chiyambi cha zochitika zandale za Saddam chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi maphunziro ake owonjezera. Anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Khark College kenako adalandira digiri yake yazamalamulo ku Egypt. Mu 1952, kusintha kudayambika mdziko muno, motsogozedwa ndi Gamal Abdel Nasser.
Kwa Hussein, Nasser, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala Purezidenti wa Egypt, anali fano lenileni. Pakati pa 1950s, Saddam adalumikizana ndi zigawenga zomwe zimafuna kulanda mfumu Faisal II, koma kulanda kumalizidwa kulephera. Pambuyo pake, mnyamatayo adalowa chipani cha Baath ndipo mu 1958 mfumu idagonjetsedwabe.
Chaka chomwecho, Saddam adamangidwa pomuganizira zakupha akuluakulu. Patatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, adamasulidwa, chifukwa ofufuzawo sanathe kutsimikizira kuti akuchita izi.
Posakhalitsa Hussein adagwira nawo ntchito yapadera yolimbana ndi General Qasem. Munthawi yamaphunziro ake ku Yunivesite ya Cairo adadzionetsa ngati munthu wandale wokangalika, pomwe adatchuka kwambiri pagulu.
Mu 1963, Baath Party idagonjetsa boma la Qasem. Tithokoze izi, Saddam adatha kubwerera kwawo osawopa kuti boma lingazunze.
Ku Iraq, adapatsidwa malo ku Central Peasant Bureau. Posakhalitsa adawona kuti anzawo achipani sanakwaniritse bwino zomwe anapatsidwa.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Hussein sanawope kudzudzula anthu amalingaliro ofanana pamisonkhano. Pambuyo pake, a Baathists adachotsedwa paulamuliro, pachifukwa chake adaganiza zopeza chipani chake. Gulu landale latsopanoli linayesa kulanda mphamvu ku Baghdad, koma zoyesayesa zawo sizinapambane.
Saddam adamangidwa ndikumangidwa. Pambuyo pake adatha kuthawa, pambuyo pake adabwereranso ndale. Kugwa kwa 1966, adasankhidwa Wachiwiri kwa Secretary General wa Baath Party. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adayamba ntchito zokhudzana ndi luntha komanso nzeru zina.
Mu 1968, boma latsopano lidapangidwa ku Iraq, ndipo patatha zaka zingapo, Hussein adakhala Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa boma. Pokhala m'modzi mwa andale odziwika kwambiri, adasinthiratu ntchito zachinsinsi. Onse omwe mwanjira ina amatsutsa boma lomwe lilipo adalangidwa mwankhanza.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pamalingaliro a Saddam mndende, akaidi amazunzidwa: amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi, khungu, kugwiritsa ntchito asidi, amachitiridwa nkhanza zogonana, ndi zina zambiri. Monga munthu wachiwiri mdziko muno, wandale uja adasamala kwambiri izi:
- kulimbikitsa mfundo zakunja;
- kuwerenga kwa amayi ndi anthu wamba;
- Kukula kwazinsinsi;
- thandizo kwa amalonda;
- ntchito yomanga nyumba zamaphunziro, zamankhwala, ndi zoyang'anira, komanso kumanga zida zaluso.
Ndiyamika khama la wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko, chitukuko cha chuma chinayambika mdziko muno. Anthuwa anali ndi malingaliro abwino pantchito ya Hussein, chifukwa chake adamuwonetsa ulemu ndi kuthandizira.
Purezidenti wa Iraq
Mu 1976, Saddam adachotsa onse omwe anali mbali ya chipani chake mwa kupanga gulu lokonzekera nkhondo ndikupempha thandizo la asirikali. Pazifukwa izi, palibe vuto lalikulu lomwe lidathetsedwa popanda chilolezo chake.
Mu 1979, purezidenti wa Iraq adasiya ntchito, ndipo Saddam Hussein adalowa m'malo mwake. Kuyambira masiku oyamba atayamba kulamulira, adachita zonse zotheka kuti dziko la Iraq likhale lotukuka lofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Pazosintha zazikulu m'boma, zimafunika ndalama zambiri, zomwe zimapezeka kudzera mu malonda a mafuta. Purezidenti adasaina mapangano ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndikuyamba mgwirizano wopindulitsa nawo. Chilichonse chimayenda bwino mpaka nthawi yomwe adaganiza zoyamba nkhondo ndi Iran.
Mikangano yankhondo inali yokwera mtengo, chifukwa chake chuma cha Iraq chidayamba kutsika mwachangu. Kwa zaka 8 za nkhondo, boma lili ndi ngongole yayikulu yakunja - $ 80 biliyoni! Zotsatira zake, boma lidakumana ndi kusowa kwa chakudya ndi madzi. Nzika zambiri zidakakamizidwa kuchoka mdzikolo kukafuna moyo wabwino.
Mu 1990, Iraq idadzudzula Kuwait pomenya nkhondo yachuma pomenya nkhondo ndikupanga mafuta mosaloledwa m'derali. Izi zidapangitsa kuti gulu lankhondo la Hussein liukire ndikulanda Kuwait. Anthu akunja adadzudzula zomwe Saddam adachita.
United States, pamodzi ndi magulu ankhondo ogwirizana, anamasula Kuwait, ndikubwezeretsa ufulu wawo. Chodabwitsa, kupembedza kwa Saddam Hussein kunakula ku Iraq. Koposa zonse, idadziwika m'malo awa:
- m'maboma onse munali zipilala za Hussein;
- munyuzipepala zaku Iraq, amamuwonetsa ngati bambo ndi mpulumutsi wadzikoli;
- ana asukulu amayenera kuyamika purezidenti pomuyimbira nyimbo ndi nyimbo;
- Misewu ndi mizinda yambiri idatchulidwa ndi dzina lake;
- Mendulo za ku Iraq, ndalama ndi ndalama zachitsulo zidakhala ndi chithunzi cha Saddam;
- wogwira ntchito aliyense amayenera kudziwa bwino mbiri ya Hussein, ndi ena ambiri.
Nthawi yakulamulira kwa Saddam Hussein imadziwika ndi anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ena amamuwona ngati wolamulira wamkulu, pomwe ena ndi wolamulira mwankhanza.
Kuukira kwa US
Mu 2003, America idapanga mgwirizano ndi atsogoleri adziko lapansi kuti achotse Hussein pamphamvu. Ntchito yankhondo idapangidwa, kuyambira 2003 mpaka 2011. Zifukwa zochitira izi zinali izi:
- Kuphatikizidwa kwa Iraq mu uchigawenga wapadziko lonse;
- kuwonongeka kwa zida zamankhwala;
- kuyang'anira mafuta.
Saddam Hussein amayenera kuthawa ndikubisala maola atatu aliwonse m'malo osiyanasiyana. Anamangidwa mu 2004 ku Tikrit. Adaimbidwa milandu yambiri kuphatikiza: njira zotsutsana ndi anthu zaboma, milandu yankhondo, kupha ma Shiite 148, ndi zina zambiri.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi woyamba wa wolamulira mwankhanza anali msuweni wake wotchedwa Sajida. Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi atsikana atatu ndi anyamata awiri. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mgwirizanowu udakonzedwa ndi makolo a okwatirana pomwe Saddam anali ndi zaka zisanu zokha. Moyo wa ana onse unali womvetsa chisoni - kuphedwa.
Pambuyo pake, Hussein adakondana ndi mkazi wa mwini wa ndegeyo. Adauza mamuna wa msungwanayo kuti asudzula mkazi wake mwamtendere, zomwe zidachitikadi.
Mu 1990, purezidenti adatsika kanjira kachitatu. Mkazi wake anali Nidal al-Hamdani, koma adalephera kusunga banja. Mu 2002, Saddam kachitatu akwatira mwana wamkazi wa minisitala wotchedwa Iman Huweish.
Mphekesera zikuti bamboyo nthawi zambiri amapusitsa akazi ake. Nthawi yomweyo, azimayi omwe adamukana kuti anali pachibwenzi ankachitiridwa nkhanza kapena kuphedwa. Kuphatikiza pa atsikanawo, Hussein anali ndi chidwi ndi zovala zapamwamba, maulendo apaboti, magalimoto okwera mtengo komanso nyumba zapamwamba.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mzaka zaulamuliro wake, wandaleyu adamanga nyumba zachifumu zopitilira 80. Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe Aarabu adalemba, anali ochulukirapo kuwirikiza. Poopa moyo wake, sanagonepo malo awiri kawiri.
Saddam Hussein adatinso Chisilamu cha Sunni: amapemphera kasanu patsiku, amatsatira malamulo onse ndikupita kumzikiti Lachisanu. Mu nthawi ya 1997-2000. adapereka malita 28 a magazi, omwe amafunikira kuti alembe Korani.
Imfa
Mu 2006, Hussein adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe pomangirira. Anamutengera kukachitsulo komwe anamunyoza ndikumulavulira ndi alonda achi Shiite. Poyamba, adayesa kupereka zifukwa, koma adangokhala chete ndikuyamba kupemphera.
Mavidiyo a kuphedwa kwake afalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Saddam Hussein adapachikidwa pa Disembala 30, 2006. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, anali ndi zaka 69.
Zithunzi za Hussein
