Dzinalo la Gaius Julius Kaisara (100 - 42 AD) mwina ndilo loyambirira pomwe anthu ambiri amagwirizana ndi lingaliro loti "Roma Wakale". Munthuyu adathandizira kwambiri pamaziko omwe Ufumu Wamkulu wa Roma unamangidwa. Pamaso pa Kaisara, Roma anali zaka zambiri boma laling'ono lolamulidwa ndi anthu ochepa olemera. Anthuwo anali atatsalira kwa iwo okha, anali kungokumbukira za iwo kokha mkati mwa nkhondo. Malamulo osiyanasiyana, otsutsana, adathandizira kuthana ndi mavuto onse mokomera chikwama cholimba kapena banja lotchuka. Ngakhale pakupha munthu, masenema amangolipira chindapusa.
Kaisara adakulitsa kwambiri malire a boma la Roma, ndikusintha kuchoka ku polis kukhala dziko lalikulu lomwe lili ndi madera aku Europe, Asia ndi Africa. Anali mtsogoleri waluso yemwe asirikali adamkhulupirira. Koma analinso wandale waluso. Atalanda mzinda ku Greece, womwe sunavomereze kudzipereka, Kaisara adapereka kwa asitikali kuti alande. Koma mzinda wotsatirawo unadzipereka ndipo unakhalabe wosakhudzidwa konse. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mizinda yotsalayo yawonetsedwa chitsanzo chabwino.
Kaisara adamvetsetsa bwino za kuwopsa kwa oligarchic. Atapeza mphamvu, adayesetsa kuchepetsa mphamvu za Senate komanso pamwamba pa olemera. Zachidziwikire, izi sizinachitike chifukwa chodandaula za anthu wamba - Kaisara amakhulupirira kuti boma liyenera kukhala lamphamvu kuposa nzika zilizonse kapena gulu lawo. Pa ichi, kwakukulukulu, adaphedwa. Wolamulira mwankhanza anamwalira ali ndi zaka 58 - zaka zolemekezeka nthawi imeneyo, koma osati malire. Kaisara sanakhale ndi moyo kuti awone ufumuwo ukulengezedwa, koma zopereka zake pakupanga kwake ndizosayerekezeka.
1. Kaisara anali wamtali wamwamuna wapakati. Amasamala kwambiri za mawonekedwe ake. Anameta ndikumeta tsitsi lake, koma sanakonde dazi lomwe limatulukira kumutu kwake, kotero anali wokondwa kuvala nkhata ya laurel nthawi iliyonse. Kaisara anali wophunzira kwambiri, anali ndi cholembera chabwino. Amadziwa kuchita zinthu zingapo nthawi imodzi, ndipo adazichita bwino.
2. Tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa Kaisara silikudziwika. Izi ndizochitika kawirikawiri kwa anthu olemba mbiri omwe adachokera ku nsanza kupita ku chuma. Kaisara, kumene, anayamba ulendo wake osati kwathunthu mu matope, koma banja lake, ngakhale olemekezeka, anali osauka. Julia (ili ndi dzina lachibadwa labanja) amakhala mdera losauka kwambiri, lokhalamo makamaka alendo. Gaius Julius adabadwa mu 102, 101 kapena 100 BC. Izo zinachitika pa July 12 kapena 13. Olembawo adapeza tsikuli mosazungulira, poyerekeza zochitika zodziwika bwino kuchokera m'mbiri ya Roma wakale ndi mbiri ya Kaisara yemweyo.
3. Abambo Guy anali ndi maudindo apamwamba aboma, koma maloto awo - kukhala kazembe - sanakwaniritsidwe. Abambo adamwalira pomwe Caesar anali ndi zaka 15. Anakhalabe munthu wamkulu m'banja.
4. Chaka chotsatira, Gaius Julius adasankhidwa kukhala wansembe wa Jupiter - udindo womwe udatsimikizira chiyambi cha wosankhidwayo. Chifukwa cha zisankho, mnyamatayo adathetsa chibwenzi chake ndi Kossutia wokondedwa ndipo adakwatira mwana wamkazi wa kazembe. Sitepeyo idakhala yopupuluma - mpongoziyo adagonjetsedwa mwachangu, ndipo kuponderezana kunayamba motsutsana ndi omutsatira ndi omwe amateteza. Guy anakana kusudzulana, adalandidwa udindo wake komanso cholowa - chake ndi mkazi wake. Ngakhale zitachitika izi, ngozi ya moyo idatsalira. Guy amayenera kuthawa, koma adagwidwa mwachangu ndikumasulidwa kokha kuti awomboledwe komanso atapemphedwa ndi Vestals - azimayi achipembedzo anamwali anali ndi ufulu wokhululuka. Atalandira mphamvu, Sulla, akumasula Kaisara, atang'ung'udza, opembedzera zana apezabe omwe adamupempha.
5. "Ntchito yankhondo" (ku Roma, ntchito yankhondo sinali yokakamiza, koma popanda iyo, munthu sakanakhoza ngakhale kulota za ntchito yocheperako kapena yocheperako) Gaius Julius adadutsa ku Asia. Kumeneko adadzisankhira yekha chifukwa cha kulimbika mtima pakamachitika mzinda wa Mytilene komanso kumenya nkhondo ndi achifwamba. Anakhala wokonda mfumu Nicomedes. Mwa kulolerana konse kwakale kwachiroma, olemba akale amati kulumikizaku ndi banga losalephera pa mbiri ya Kaisara.
6. Kuzungulira 75 BC. Kaisara adagwidwa ndi achifwambawo ndipo, malinga ndi iye, adamasulidwa, atalipira matalente 50 zaufulu, pomwe olanda panyanja amafuna 20. Ndalama zomwe akuti adalipira Kaisara ndi madinari 300,000. Zaka zingapo m'mbuyomu, mnyamatayo anali atatolera ndalama zokwana madinari 12,000 kuti agule Sulla. Zachidziwikire, atalipira dipo (lidasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumizinda yakunyanja, modzipereka kupereka ndalama yayikulu kwa wachichepere wachiroma wosadziwika), Kaisara adagwira achifwambawo ndikuwawononga mpaka munthu womaliza. M'nthawi yathu ino, anthu amayamba kuganiza kuti achifwambawo amafunidwa ndi Guy Julius kuti atolere ndalama kumizinda, kenako adawachotsa ngati mboni zosafunikira. Ndalamazo, zowonadi, zidatsalira ndi Kaisara.
7. Mpaka 68, Kaisara adadziwonetsa yekha koma ngongole zazikulu. Adagula zaluso, adamanga nyumba, kenako ndikuzigwetsa, osasiya chidwi, adadyetsa gulu lalikulu la makasitomala - kusasamala kwaulemerero muulemerero wake wonse. Panthawi ina, anali ndi ngongole ya matalente 1,300.
8. Mu 68, Kaisara adadziwika kwambiri pakati pa a plebeians (anthu wamba) aku Roma chifukwa chamalankhulidwe awiri ochokera pansi pamtima omwe adaperekedwa pamaliro a azakhali a Julia ndi mkazi wawo a Claudia. Otsatirawa sanalandiridwe, koma malankhulidwe ake anali okongola ndipo adalandira chilolezo (ku Roma, malankhulidwe amtunduwu adagawidwa kudzera mwa mtundu wa samizdat, wolemba pamanja). Komabe, chisoni cha Claudia sichidakhalitse - patatha chaka chimodzi, Kaisara adakwatira wachibale wa kazembe Pompey, yemwe dzina lake anali Pompey.
9. Mu 66, Kaisara adasankhidwa kukhala aedile. Masiku ano, ofesi ya meya wa mzindawu ili pafupi kwambiri ndi aedile, ku Roma kokha kunali awiriwo. Pa bajeti yamzindawu, adatembenuka mwamphamvu. Kugawana kwa tirigu mowolowa manja, magulu awiri a omenyera zida zankhondo zasiliva, zokongoletsa za Capitol ndi bwaloli, bungwe la masewera pokumbukira abambo ake omaliza - ma plebs adakondwera. Komanso, mnzake wa Gaius Yulia anali Bibulus, yemwe sankafuna kutulutsa mbali yake.
10. Mwapang'onopang'ono akwera pamasitepe a utsogoleri, Kaisara adakulitsa chikoka chake. Adachita zoopsa, ndipo nthawi zingapo adasokonekera pamfundo zandale. Komabe, pang'onopang'ono adafika polemera kotero kuti Senate, kuti amuchotsere thandizo lotchuka, idaloleza kuti chiwonjezeko cha ndalama ziziwonjezekanso madinari 7.5 miliyoni. Mphamvu ya munthu yemwe moyo wake unali wokwanira 12,000 zaka 10 zapitazo tsopano ndi ofunika mamiliyoni.
11. Mawu oti "Mkazi wa Kaisara sayenera kukayikiridwa" adawonekera kale mphamvu ya Gaius Julius isanakhale yopanda malire. Mu 62, woyang'anira chuma (Claronus) Clodius adasintha zovala za akazi kuti azicheza pang'ono kunyumba kwa Kaisara ndi mkazi wake. Zowonongekazo, monga zimachitika ku Roma, zidayamba kukhala zandale. Mlandu wapamwamba udatha mu zilch makamaka chifukwa chakuti Kaisara, yemwe adakhala ngati mwamuna wokhumudwitsidwayo, adawonetsa kusayanjanitsika kwathunthu ndi njirayi. Clodius adamasulidwa. Ndipo Kaisara adasudzula Pompey.
12. "Ndikadakonda kukhala woyamba m'mudzi muno kuposa wachiwiri ku Roma," akutero a Kaisara m'mudzi wosauka wa ku Alpine popita ku Spain, komwe adalandira ulamuliro wake atachita mayere pachikhalidwe. Ndizotheka kuti ku Roma sanafune kukhala wachiwiri kapena wachikwi - ngongole za Gaius Julius panthawi yakunyamuka kwake zidafika matalente 5,200.
13. Patatha chaka chimodzi adabwerera kuchokera ku Iberia Peninsula munthu wachuma. Zinanenedwa kuti iye sanangogonjetsa zotsalira za mafuko achilendo, komanso analanda mizinda yaku Spain yokhulupirika ku Roma, koma nkhaniyi sinapite patali.
14. Kubweranso kwa Kaisara kuchokera ku Spain kunali chochitika chosaiwalika. Amayenera kulowa mumzinda wopambana - gulu lochitira ulemu wopambana. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, zisankho za kazembe zimayenera kuchitika ku Roma. Kaisara, yemwe adafuna kulandira udindo wapamwamba kwambiri, adapempha kuti amulole kupezeka ku Roma ndikutenga nawo gawo pazisankho (kupambana kumayenera kukhala kunja kwa mzinda chisanapambane). Senate idakana pempholi, kenako Kaisara adakana kupambana. Kupita mokweza kotereku, kunatsimikizira kupambana kwake pazisankho.
15. Kaisara adakhala kazembe pa Ogasiti 1, 59. Nthawi yomweyo adakankhira malamulo awiri andale kudzera ku Senate, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa omutsatira ake pakati pa omenyera nkhondo komanso osauka. Malamulo adakhazikitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi nyumba zamalamulo zamakono - ndewu, kubayana, kuopseza kumangidwa kwa otsutsa, ndi zina zotero. Zinthu zakuthupi sizinasowekenso - kwa matalente 6,000, Kaisara adakakamiza masenema kuti apereke chigamulo cholengeza kuti mfumu ya ku Aigupto Ptolemy Auletes "bwenzi la anthu achiroma".
16. Gulu loyamba lankhondo lodziyimira pawokha la Kaisara linali kampeni yolimbana ndi a Helvetians (58). Fuko la Gallic, lomwe limakhala m'dera la Switzerland lamakono, latopa ndikumenya nkhondo ndi oyandikana nawo ndikuyesera kusamukira ku Gaul mdera la France wamakono. Gawo la Gaul linali chigawo cha Roma, ndipo Aroma sanamwetulire poyandikira anthu okonda nkhondo omwe samatha kukhala bwino ndi anzawo. Munthawi ya kampeni, Kaisara, ngakhale adachita zolakwika zingapo, adadziwonetsa kuti ndi mtsogoleri waluso komanso wolimba mtima. Nkhondo isanachitike, adatsika, ndikuwonetsa kuti adzagawananso zilizonse ndi asitikali apansi. A Helvetians adagonjetsedwa, ndipo Kaisara adalandira malo abwino kwambiri kuti agonjetse Gaul yense. Kupitilira pakupambana kwake, adagonjetsa fuko lamphamvu laku Germany lotsogozedwa ndi Ariovistus. Kupambana kunampatsa Kaisara ulamuliro waukulu pakati pa asirikali.
17. Kwazaka ziwiri zotsatira, Kaisara adamaliza kugonjetsa Gaul, ngakhale pambuyo pake adayenera kupondereza kuwukira kwamphamvu kotsogozedwa ndi Vercingetorig. Nthawi yomweyo, kazembeyo adalepheretsa Ajeremani kulowa m'zigawo za Roma. Mwambiri, olemba mbiri amakhulupirira kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa Gaul kunakhudza chuma cha Roma chimodzimodzi chomwe kupezeka kwa America kudzakhala nako ku Europe.
18. Mu 55, adachita kampeni yoyamba yolimbana ndi Britain. Ponseponse, sizinapambane, kupatula kuti Aroma adazindikira maderawo ndikumva kuti anthu okhala pachilumbachi ndiosasunthika ngati abale awo aku kontinentiyo. Kufika kwachiwiri kuzilumbazi kunalephera. Ngakhale panthawiyi Kaisara adakwanitsa kusonkhetsa msonkho kuchokera ku mafuko akumaloko, sikunali kotheka kuteteza madera omwe amakhalawo ndikuwaphatikiza ku Roma.
19. Mtsinje wotchuka wa Rubicon unali malire pakati pa Cisalpine Gaul, womwe unkatengedwa ngati dera lakunja, ndipo dziko la Roma linali loyenera. Atawoloka pa Januware 10, 49 ndi mawu oti "The die is cast" pomwe adabwerera ku Roma, Caesar de jure adayambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. De facto, idayambitsidwa kale ndi Senate, yomwe sinakonde kutchuka kwa Kaisara. Asenema sanangotsekereza zisankho zake za ma consuls, komanso adaopseza Kaisara pomuzenga mlandu pazolakwika zosiyanasiyana. Mwachidziwikire, Gaius Julius adalibe chisankho - kaya atenga mphamvu mokakamiza, kapena agwidwa ndikuphedwa.
20. Mkati mwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya zaka ziwiri, yomwe idachitika makamaka ku Spain ndi Greece, Caesar adatha kugonjetsa gulu lankhondo la Pompey ndikukhala wopambana. Pompey anaphedwa ku Egypt. Pamene Kaisara adafika ku Alexandria, Aigupto adampatsa mutu wa mdaniyo, koma mphatsoyo sinabweretse chisangalalo choyembekezeredwa - Kaisara anali woganiza za kupambana kwa mafuko ake komanso nzika zina.
21. Ulendo waku Igupto udabweretsa Kaisara osati chisoni chokha. Anakumana ndi Cleopatra. Atagonjetsa Tsar Ptolemy, Kaisara adakweza Cleopatra pampando wachifumu waku Egypt ndikuyenda kuzungulira dzikolo kwa miyezi iwiri ndipo, monga olemba mbiri, "adachita zosangalatsa zina".
22. Kaisara adapatsidwa mphamvu zankhanza katatu. Nthawi yoyamba kwa masiku 11, nthawi yachiwiri pachaka, nthawi yachitatu zaka 10, komanso nthawi yomaliza ya moyo.
23. Mu Ogasiti 46, Kaisara adachita chigonjetso chachikulu, wopambana zigonjetso zinayi nthawi imodzi. Mgwirizanowu sunangowonetsa am'ndende okhaokha komanso ogwidwa kumayiko ogonjetsedwa, kuyambira ndi Vercingetorig (mwa njira, atakhala m'ndende zaka 6, adaphedwa atapambana). Akapolowo anali ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali pafupifupi matalente 64,000. Aroma adalandira matebulo 22,000. Nzika zonse zinalandira sesterces 400, matumba 10 a tirigu ndi malita 6 a mafuta. Asirikali wamba adalandira mphotho ya madalakima 5,000, kwa oyang'anira ndalamazo zidawonjezeredwa kawiri ndi gulu lililonse.
24. M'chaka cha 44, Kaisara adaphatikiza liwu loti wofewetsa m'dzina lake, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti Roma adasandulika ufumu, ndipo Gaius Julius mwini - kukhala mfumu. Mawuwa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ku republic potanthauza "wamkulu" pokhapokha munkhondo. Kuphatikizidwa kwa liwu lomwelo m'dzina kunatanthauza kuti Kaisara ndiye mtsogoleri wamkulu munthawi yamtendere.
25. Atakhala wolamulira mwankhanza, Kaisara adasintha zambiri. Anagawana malo kwa asitikali akale, kuwerengera anthu, ndikuchepetsa anthu omwe amalandila mkate waulele. Madokotala ndi anthu ogwira ntchito mosavomerezeka anapatsidwa ufulu wokhala nzika zachi Roma, ndipo Aroma azaka zakugwira ntchito sanaloledwe kupitilira zaka zoposa zitatu akunja. Kutuluka kwa ana a senema kunatsekedwa kwathunthu. Lamulo lapadera loletsa zinthu zapamwamba lidaperekedwa. Njira zosankhira oweruza ndi akuluakulu zasinthidwa kwambiri.
26. Chimodzi mwa mwala wapangodya mu Ufumu wa Roma wamtsogolo chinali lingaliro la Kaisara lopatsa nzika zaku Roma nzika za zigawo zomwe zidalandidwa. Pambuyo pake, izi zidagwira gawo lalikulu mu umodzi wa ufumuwo - kukhala nzika kunapereka mwayi waukulu, ndipo anthu sanatsutsane kwambiri ndikusinthira m'manja mwaufumu.
27. Kaisara anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mavuto azachuma. Munthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, Aroma ambiri adalowa muukapolo wa ngongole, ndipo zinthu zamtengo wapatali, malo ndi nyumba zidatsika mtengo kwambiri. Obwereketsa adalipira kubweza ngongole zandalama, ndipo obwereketsa - maudindo athunthu. Kaisara adachita mwachilungamo - adalamula kuti awunike malowo pamtengo usanachitike nkhondo. Ku Roma, ndalama zagolide zinayamba kupangidwa mosalekeza. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, chithunzi cha munthu wamoyo chimawonekera - Kaisara mwiniwake.
28. Ndondomeko ya Guy Julius Caesar mokhudzana ndi omwe kale anali adani idadziwika ndi umunthu komanso chifundo. Atakhala wolamulira mwankhanza, adathetsa zolemba zambiri zakale, kukhululukira onse omwe anali kumbali ya Pompey ndikuwalola kuti azigwira ntchito zaboma. Mmodzi mwa omwe adakhululukidwa anali a Mark Julius Brutus.
29. Chikhululukiro chachikulu chotere chinali cholakwika chachikulu cha Kaisara. M'malo mwake, panali zolakwitsa ziwirizi. Yoyamba - motsatira nthawi - inali kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu zokha. Zinapezeka kuti otsutsa otsutsa omwe anali atatsala pang'ono kulibe njira zovomerezeka zokopa olamulira. Pamapeto pake, izi mwachangu zidadzetsa chiwonongeko chomvetsa chisoni.
30. Kaisara adaphedwa pa Marichi 15, 44 pamsonkhano wa Senate. Brutus ndi aphungu ena 12 adamupweteka 23. Mwachifuniro, Mroma aliyense adalandira ma sesterces 300 kuchokera kwa Kaisara. Zambiri mwa malowa zidaperekedwa kwa mphwake wa Gaius Julius Gaius Octavian, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhazikitsa Ufumu wa Roma ngati Octavian Augustus.
