Tsoka lanyanja "Titanic" silo lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yonse yoyenda panyanja. Komabe, potengera momwe zimakhudzira anthu, kufa kwa sitima yayikulu kwambiri panyanja nthawi imeneyo kumaposa masoka ena onse am'nyanja.
Ngakhale asanafike ulendo woyamba, Titanic idakhala chizindikiro cha nthawiyo. Sitimayo inali ndi zida zamakono, ndipo malo okwera anthu anali okongoletsedwa ndi hotelo yolemera. Ngakhale m'zipinda zam'kalasi yachitatu, zinthu zofunika zimaperekedwa. Sitima ya Titanic inali ndi dziwe losambira, mabwalo a squash ndi gofu, malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso malo ogulitsira osiyanasiyana, kuyambira m'malesitilanti abwino kupita kumalo omwera mowa komanso malo omwera atatu. Sitimayo inali ndi zida zamadzi zopanda madzi, motero nthawi yomweyo adayamba kuzitcha kuti sizingamire.
Gawo la nyumba zapamwamba
Gulu lidasankha loyenera. M'masiku amenewo, pakati pa akapitawo, makamaka achichepere, panali chidwi chofala chofuna kuchita ntchito zofananira. Makamaka, zinali zotheka kupitiliza mayeso kwa woyendetsa sitima ndikupeza patent "Yowonjezera". Pa Titanic, osati Captain Smith yekha anali ndi patent yotereyi, komanso omuthandizira ake awiri. Chifukwa cha kunyanyala kwa malasha, oyendetsa sitima ku UK sanayime konse, ndipo eni ake a Titanic adatha kupeza talente yabwino kwambiri. Ndipo oyendetsawo anali ofunitsitsa chombo chomwe sichinachitikepo.
Kutalika ndi kutalika kwa sitimayo kumapereka chithunzi cha kukula kwa Titanic
Ndipo m'malo abwino kwambiri, ulendo woyamba wa sitimayo umathera pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ndipo sitinganene kuti "Titanic" inali ndi zolakwika zazikulu kapangidwe kake kapena timuyo idachita zolakwika zazikulu. Sitimayo idawonongedwa ndi zovuta zingapo, zomwe sizinali zovuta. Koma ponseponse, adalola kuti Titanic imire pansi ndikupha miyoyo ya okwera chikwi ndi theka.
1. Panthawi yomanga Titanic, panali ngozi 254 ndi ogwira ntchito. Mwa awa, 69 adalemba zida, ndipo ogwira ntchito 158 adavulala pamalo okonzera zombo. Anthu 8 adamwalira, ndipo m'masiku amenewo zimawerengedwa kuti ndizovomerezeka - chisonyezo chabwino chimawerengedwa kuti ndi imfa imodzi pamakilogalamu 100,000 a ndalama, ndipo ntchito yomanga "Titanic" idawononga mapaundi miliyoni 1.5, ndiye kuti anthu 7 nawonso "adapulumutsa". Munthu wina wamwalira pomwe sitima ya Titanic inali kuyambitsidwa kale.
Asanakhazikitse
2. Kungoyang'anira ma boiler a sitima yayikulu (kutalika 269 m, m'lifupi 28 m, kusuntha matani 55,000), wotchi ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya anthu 73 imafunikira. Anagwira ntchito mosinthana kwa maola 4, ndipo ntchito ya stokers ndi othandizira awo inali yovuta kwambiri. Titanic idawotcha malasha matani 650 patsiku, ndikusiya phulusa matani 100. Zonsezi zidadutsa m'malo osungira makina aliwonse.
Musanakhazikitse
3. Sitimayo inali ndi oimba awo. Nthawi zambiri, amayenera kukhala ndi anthu sikisi, koma oyimba eyiti adapita ulendo woyamba. Zofunikira pazoyenereza zawo zimaphatikizapo kudziwa pamtima nyimbo zopitilira 300 pamndandanda wapadera. Pambuyo pomaliza nyimbo imodzi, mtsogoleri amayenera kungotchula nambala yotsatira. Oimba onse a Titanic adaphedwa.
4. Zingwe zopitilira 300 km zinayikidwa m'mphepete mwa Titanic, yomwe idadyetsa zida zamagetsi, kuphatikiza nyali 10,000 tantalum incandescent, mafani 76 amphamvu, ma heater 520 m'zipinda zanyumba zoyambirira ndi mawotchi 48 amagetsi. Mawaya ochokera kumabatani oyitanira oyang'anira nawonso amayenda pafupi. Panali mabatani ngati 1,500.
5. Kusakhala bwino kwa sitima ya Titanic kwenikweni kunali kukhumudwitsa ena. Inde, munalidi ma bulkheads okwanira 15 mkati mwa sitimayo, koma kulimba kwawo kwamadzi kunali kokayikitsa. Panalidi ma bulkheads, koma anali amitundumitundu, choyipitsitsa - anali ndi zitseko. Anatseka mozungulira, koma monga zitseko zilizonse, anali ofooka pamakoma. Koma ma bulkhead olimba a kutalika kofunikira adachepetsa kuyendetsa bwino kwa sitimayo. Ndalama, monga nthawi zonse, zidagonjetsa chitetezo. Wopanga zombo zodziwika bwino waku Russia A. N. Krylov adafotokoza lingaliro ili mwandakatulo. Anatumiza gulu la ophunzira ake kuti apange Titanic ndipo amadziwa za kusadalirika kwa ma bulkheads. Chifukwa chake, adali ndi zifukwa zomveka zolembera m'nkhani yapadera kuti "Titanic" idamwalira ndi chuma chonyansa.
6. Mbiri ya Kaputeni "Titanic" Edward John Smith ndi chithunzi chabwino kwambiri chazomwe zidapangitsa kutha kwa Ufumu wa Britain. Drake ndi ena onse achifwamba omwe anali ndi mapepala a marque, ndi Cook, omwe adatumiza a Lord of the Admiralty ku gehena, adasinthidwa ndi akazembe, omwe chinthu chachikulu chinali malipiro (opitilira 1,500 mapaundi pachaka, ndalama zambiri) ndi bonasi yopanda ngozi (mpaka 20% ya malipiro). Titanic isanachitike, Smith adayika zombo zake pansi (katatu), adawononga katundu wonyamula (osachepera kawiri) ndikumira zombo za anthu ena (milandu itatu idalembedwa). Pambuyo pazinthu zonsezi, nthawi zonse amatha kulemba lipoti malinga ndi momwe analibe mlandu uliwonse. Polengeza zaulendo wokhawo wa Titanic, adatchedwa kapitala yemwe sanawonongeke konse. Mwachidziwikire, Smith anali ndi chiwongolero chabwino mu kayendetsedwe ka White Star Lane, ndipo amatha kupeza chilankhulo chofananira ndi apaulendo mamiliyoni ambiri.
Kapiteni Smith
7. Panali mabwato okwanira pa Titanic. Panali ochulukirapo kuposa momwe amafunikira. Zowona, kufunikira ndi kukwanira kudatsimikiziridwa osati ndi kuchuluka kwa okwera, koma ndi lamulo lapadera lokhazikitsa "Pazoyendetsa zamalonda". Lamuloli linali laposachedwa - lidaperekedwa mu 1894. Anatinso pazombo zosunthika matani 10,000 (panalibe zikuluzikulu panthawi yomwe lamuloli lidakhazikitsidwa), mwini sitimayo ayenera kukhala ndi mabwato opulumutsa anthu okwana 9,625 cubic metres. mapazi. Munthu m'modzi amakhala pafupifupi 10 cubic metres. mapazi, kotero kuti mabwato omwe anali m'sitimayo amayenera kukwana anthu 962. Pa "Titanic" voliyumu yamabwato inali 11 327 cubic metres. feet, yomwe inali yoposa yachibadwa. Zowona, malinga ndi satifiketi ya Unduna wa Zamalonda, sitimayo imatha kunyamula anthu 3,547 limodzi ndi ogwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, pamulingo wokwanira, magawo awiri mwa atatu a anthu omwe anali pa Titanic adatsala opanda malo m'mabwato opulumutsa anthu. Usiku womvetsa chisoni wa pa 14 April, 1912, panali anthu 2,207.
8. Inshuwaransi "Titanic" idawononga $ 100. Pazandalama izi, kampani ya Atlantic idalipira ndalama zokwana madola 5 miliyoni zikawonongeka. Ndalamazo sizocheperako - padziko lonse lapansi mu 1912 zombo zinali ndi inshuwaransi pafupifupi $ 33 miliyoni.
9. "Mtunda woyimitsa" wa sitimayo - mtunda womwe "Titanic" idayenda itachoka "kwathunthu kutsogolo" kupita "kubwerera kwathunthu" isanayime - inali mamita 930. Sitimayi inatenga mphindi zoposa zitatu kuti iime.
10. Omwe adakumana ndi "Titanic" akadatha kukhala ochulukirapo, ngati sichoncho chifukwa cha kunyanyala ntchito kwa oyendetsa malasha aku Britain. Chifukwa cha iye, magalimoto oyendetsa sitimayo anali olumala theka ngakhale m'makampani onyamula omwe anali ndi nkhokwe zawo zamakala. White Star Lane analinso m'modzi mwa iwo, koma matikiti oyendetsa ndege yoyamba ya Titanic adagulitsidwa mopepuka - omwe angakwereko amaopabe kukhala akapolo anyanyala. Chifukwa chake, okwera 1,316 okha ndi omwe adakwera bwato - 922 ku Southampton ndi 394 ku Queenstown ndi Cherbourg. Chombocho chinali chokwanira pang'ono theka.
Ku Southampton
11. Matikiti aulendo woyamba wa Titanic adagulitsidwa pamitengo yotsatirayi: Kalasi yoyamba ya 1 - $ 4 350, mpando woyamba wa kalasi - $ 150, kalasi yachiwiri - $ 60, kalasi yachitatu - madola 15 mpaka 40 ndi chakudya. Panalinso nyumba zapamwamba. Zokongoletsa ndi ziwiya zanyumba, ngakhale mkalasi yachiwiri, zinali zokongola. Poyerekeza, mitengo: antchito aluso kwambiri amalandila pafupifupi $ 10 pa sabata, onse wamba ogwira nawo ntchito theka. Malinga ndi akatswiri, dola yagwa pamtengo nthawi 16 kuyambira pamenepo.
Kalasi Yoyambira Yoyambira
Masitepe akulu
12. Chakudya chinaperekedwa ku Titanic ndi ngolo: matani 68 a nyama, nkhuku ndi masewera, matani 40 a mbatata, matani 5 a nsomba, mazira 40,000, mabotolo 20,000 a mowa, mabotolo 1,500 a vinyo ndi matani a zakudya ndi zakumwa zina.
13. Panalibe ngakhale Mmodzi waku Russia yemwe adakwera Titanic. Panali maphunziro angapo mu Ufumu wa Russia, koma anali oimira kunja kwa dziko, kapena Ayuda omwe panthawiyo amakhala kunja kwa Pale of Settlement.
14. Pa Epulo 14, positi ya Titanic idakondwerera tchuthi - ogwira ntchito asanu adakondwerera tsiku lobadwa la 44 la mnzake Oscar Woody. Iye, monga anzake, sanapulumuke tsoka.
15. Kugundana kwa "Titanic" ndi madzi oundana kunachitika pa Epulo 14 nthawi ya 23:40. Pali mtundu wovomerezeka wa momwe udayendera, ndi zina zowonjezera ndi zina zomwe zikufotokozera zomwe ogwira ntchito ndi machitidwe a sitimayo. M'malo mwake, sitima ya Titanic, yomwe owonera ake adawona madzi oundana mphindi zochepa m'mbuyomu, adawugunda mosasunthika ndipo adachita zibowo zingapo mbali yake. Zipinda zisanu zinawonongeka nthawi imodzi. Okonza sanadalire kuwonongeka koteroko. Kusamutsidwa kunayamba pomwe pakati pausiku. Kwa ola limodzi ndi theka, zidapitilira mwadongosolo, kenako mantha adayamba. Nthawi ya 2:20 am, Titanic inang'ambika pakati ndikumira.
16. Anapha anthu 1496. Chiwerengerochi chimavomerezedwa, ngakhale chiwerengerochi chimasinthasintha - apaulendo ena sanawonekere paulendo wapaulendo, koma sanachotsedwe pamndandanda, pakhoza kukhala "hares", ena adayenda pansi pa dzina lodziwika, ndi ena 710 adapulumutsidwa. Ogwira ntchitoyi adachita ntchito yawo: m'modzi mwa asanu adapulumuka, ngakhale ambiri mwa atatu mwa omwe anali pa Titanic adapulumuka.
17. Ovulalawo akadakhala ochepa kapena kupewedwa palimodzi pakadapanda kuti lamulo la Captain Smith lipitirire kupita patsogolo. Titanic ikadakhala m'malo mwake, madzi sakanabwera msanga mofulumira, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti sitimayo ikadatha kuyandama mpaka dzuwa litatuluka. Paulendowu, madzi ambiri adalowa mchipinda chomwe chidadzaza madzi kuposa momwe mapampu adawatulutsira. Smith adapereka lamuloli mokakamizidwa ndi a Joseph Ismay, wamkulu wa White Star Line. Ismay adathawa ndipo sanalandire chilango. Kufika ku New York, chinthu choyamba chomwe adachita ndikulamula kuti sitima yapamtunda ya kampani yake isayende popanda mabwato, kuchuluka kwa mipando yomwe ikufanana ndi okwera ndi ogwira ntchito. Chidziwitso chomwe chinawononga miyoyo chikwi chimodzi ndi theka ...
18. Kufufuza za ngozi ya Titanic kunachitika ku England komanso ku United States. Nthawi zonse mabungwe ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti panali zophwanya malamulo, koma palibe amene angawalange: olakwirawo adamwalira. Kapiteni Smith adanyalanyaza radiogram yoopsa yozizira. Oyendetsa wailesi sanapereke omaliza, kungolira matelegalamu okhudza madzi oundana (zombo zimangogona pansi, zomwe ndizowopsa), anali otanganidwa kutumiza mauthenga achinsinsi $ 3 pa liwu. Kaputeni Wachiwiri William Murdoch adachita zolakwika, pomwe madzi oundana adagundana pang'ono. Anthu onsewa adapumula pansi panyanja.
19. Achibale angapo a omwe adakwera pa Titanic adakwanitsa kupambana madandaulo, koma mkati mwazopempha ndalamazo zidachepetsedwa popanda kuwononga eni eni a Titanic. Komabe, mbiri yawo yabizinesi idasokonekera kale.
20. Chombo cha "Titanic" chidapezeka koyamba mu 1985 ndi wofufuza waku America a Robert Ballard, omwe anali kufunafuna sitima zankhondo zakuya zouma potsatira malangizo a US Navy. Ballard adawona kuti uta wokhomedwawo wa sitimayo wagwera pansi, ndipo enawo adagwa posambira. Gawo lalikulu kumbuyo kwake lili 650 metres kuchokera uta. Kafukufuku wowonjezera adawonetsa kuti kukweza ngalawa yotchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya maulendo sikunali kotheka: pafupifupi matabwa onse anawonongedwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndipo chitsulocho chinachita dzimbiri.
Titanic pansi pamadzi
