Franz Schubert (1797 - 1928) atha kuonedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu omvetsa chisoni kwambiri pachikhalidwe padziko lapansi. Maluso aluso a wolemba analemba kuti, makamaka, anali kuyamikiridwa panthawi ya moyo wake ndi mabwenzi ochepa okha. Kuyambira ali mwana, Schubert sanadziwe chomwe chinali chitonthozo chazinyumba. Ngakhale atakhala ndi ndalama, abwenzi amayenera kutsata momwe Franz amagwiritsira ntchito - samadziwa mtengo wazinthu zambiri.
Tsogolo limayeza Schubert m'zaka 31 zokha zosakwanira, pomwe zaka zisanu ndi zinayi zapitazi anali kudwala kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyi, wolemba nyimboyo adakwanitsa kukoletsa chuma chamagulu padziko lonse lapansi ndi ntchito zanzeru mazana. Schubert adakhala wolemba nyimbo wachikondi woyamba. Izi ndizosadabwitsa, mwina chifukwa adakhala nthawi yomweyo ndi Beethoven (Schubert adamwalira chaka ndi theka pambuyo pake kuposa omwe adanyamula bokosi lake pamaliro). Ndiye kuti, m'zaka zomwezo, kulimba mtima pamaso pa anthu am'nthawi yawo kunayamba kukondana.
Schubert, zachidziwikire, sanaganize motere. Ndipo sizokayikitsa kuti iye ankachita ziwonetsero za filosofi konse - adagwira ntchito. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire m'nyumba ndi zinthu zakuthupi, nthawi zonse amalemba nyimbo. Atagona mchipatala, amapanga mayendedwe osangalatsa amawu. Atasiyana ndi chikondi chake choyamba, adalemba Chachinayi Symphony, chotchedwa "Zachisoni". Ndipo chotero moyo wake wonse kufikira nthawi yomwe pa tsiku lozizira la Novembala bokosi lake lidatsitsidwa kumanda pafupi ndi manda a Ludwig van Beethoven.
1. Franz Schubert anali mwana wa 12 m'banja. Abambo ake, omwe amatchedwanso Franz, adasunganso buku lapadera kuti asasokonezeke mwa ana awo omwe. Ndipo Franz, wobadwa pa January 31, 1797, sanali womaliza - ana ena awiri anabadwa pambuyo pake. Anayi okha ndi omwe adapulumuka, zomwe zinali zikhalidwe zokhumudwitsa banja la a Schubert - ana anayi mwa asanu ndi anayi adapulumuka m'banja la agogo.
Imodzi mwamisewu ya Vienna kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18
2. Bambo ake a Franz anali mphunzitsi yemwe anaphunzira ntchito yapamwamba (kusintha sukulu ku Austria) kuchokera kwa anthu wamba wamba. Amayi anali ophika ophweka, koma za banja tsopano adzauzidwa "pakufika". Maria Elisabeth anatenga pakati, ndipo kutamandidwa ndi Franz Schubert Sr., sanamusiye.
3. Schubert Sr. anali munthu wankhanza kwambiri. Mpumulo womwe adapangira ana ndi nyimbo. Iyemwini ankadziwa kusewera vayolini, koma ankakonda cello, ndipo anaphunzitsa ana kusewera vayolini. Komabe, panali chifukwa chomveka pophunzitsira nyimbo - abambo amafuna kuti ana awo akhale aphunzitsi, ndipo m'masiku amenewo aphunzitsi amayeneranso kuphunzitsa nyimbo.
4. Franz Jr. anayamba maphunziro a zezeze ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri ndipo adachita bwino kwambiri. Mchimwene wamkuluyo amadziwa kusewera piyano. Pambuyo popempha kangapo, anayamba kuphunzitsa Franz, ndipo patadutsa miyezi ingapo adadabwa kuzindikira kuti sakufunikiranso monga mphunzitsi. Panali chiwalo mu tchalitchi chapafupi, ndipo tsiku lina aliyense anayamba kudabwa ndi kudzipereka kwadzidzidzi kwa Franz. Adayambanso kuyimba kwaya yamatchalitchi. M'malo mwake, mnyamatayo adadziphatika mu tchalitchi kuti amangomvera limba, ndikuyimba kwaya kuti asalipire maphunziro omwe wapatsidwa ndi mtsogoleri wa kwayala Michael Holzer. Anali ndi talente yophunzitsira - samangophunzitsa mnyamatayo kusewera limba, komanso adakhazikitsa maziko oyenera. Nthawi yomweyo, Holzer anali wodzichepetsa kwambiri - pambuyo pake adakana ngakhale kuti adaphunzitsa Schubert. Awa, a Holzer adati, anali kungokambirana ndi nyimbo. Schubert adapatulira unyinji wake kwa iye.
5. Pa Seputembara 30, 1808, Franz adapambana bwino mayeso, adakhala kwaya yaku khothi ndipo adalembetsedwa pamlanduwo - sukulu yotchuka yophunzitsa zachipembedzo.
Ndikulakwa
6. Wotsutsa Schubert adalowa nawo gulu loimba, kenako adakhala violin yake yoyamba, kenako wachiwiri kwa Vaclav Ruzicka. Kondakitala adayesa kuphunzira ndi mnyamatayo, koma adazindikira mwachangu kuti zomwe amadziwa kwa Schubert zidadutsa. Ruzicka adatembenukira kwa Antonio Salieri yemweyo. Wolemba nyimboyu komanso woimba anali woyang'anira khothi ku Viennese. Anatenga mayeso ndi Schubert ndikumukumbukira mnyamatayo, motero anavomera kugwira naye ntchito. Atazindikira kuti mwana wake anali wokonda kwambiri nyimbo, abambo ake, omwe sanalolere kusamvera konse, adathamangitsa Franz mnyumbamo. Mnyamata anabwerera m'banja pambuyo pa imfa ya mayi ake.
Antonio Salieri
7. Schubert adayamba kupeka nyimbo m'ndende, koma adayimba anthu ochepa kwambiri. Salieri adavomereza kuti aphunzire za kapangidwe kake, koma nthawi zonse amakakamiza wophunzirayo kuti aphunzire zaluso zam'mbuyomu, kotero kuti ntchito za Schubert zimagwirizana ndi malamulo. Schubert analemba nyimbo zosiyana kwambiri.
8. Mu 1813 Schubert adachoka kwa woweruzayo. Mopanda chisoni, adayamba kukhala wamkulu ndi mulu wa zolemba zake zokha. Chuma chake chachikulu chinali nyimbo yomwe anali atangolemba. Komabe, zinali zosatheka kupanga ndalama, ndipo Schubert adakhala mphunzitsi wokhala ndi malipiro omwe samatha kugula kilogalamu ya mkate patsiku. Koma pazaka zitatu akugwira ntchito, adalemba mazana a ntchito, kuphatikiza ma symphony awiri, ma opera anayi ndi masisa awiri. Amakonda kwambiri kupanga nyimbo - zidatuluka pansi pa cholembera chake ambiri.
9. Chikondi choyamba cha Schubert chimatchedwa Teresa Coffin. Achinyamata amakondana ndipo amafuna kukwatiwa.Amayi a msungwanayo, omwe sankafuna kukwatira mwana wawo wamkazi ndi mwamuna wopanda ndalama, analowerera. Teresa adakwatiwa ndi wophika buledi ndipo adakhala zaka 78 - 2.5 nthawi yayitali kuposa Schubert.
10. Mu 1818, mkhalidwe mnyumbamo udakhala wosapiririka kwa Franz - abambo ake adatengeka kwambiri ndiukalamba ndipo adauza mwana wawo kuti asiye nyimbo ndikuyamba ntchito ya uphunzitsi. Poyankha Franz adasiya sukulu, mwamwayi, malo aphunzitsi azanyimbo adapezeka. Count Karl Esterhazy von Talant adamulemba ntchito mothandizidwa ndi abwenzi a Schubert. Ana aakazi awiri a Count amayenera kuphunzitsa. Mfundo yoti nyenyezi ya Vienna Opera, a Johann Michael Vogl, anali atayamika kale nyimbo za Schubert, zidathandizira kupeza malo.
11. Nyimbo za Schubert zinali zitayimbidwa kale ku Austria konse, ndipo wolemba wawo samadziwa za izo. Atafika mwangozi mumzinda wa Steyr, Schubert ndi Vogl adazindikira kuti nyimbo za Franz zimayimbidwa ndi achikulire komanso achikulire, ndipo omwe amasewera adachita chidwi ndi wolemba mzindawu. Ndipo izi ngakhale Schubert sanathe kuyika nyimbo imodzi kwa oimba konsati - izi zitha kukhala zopindulitsa. Pano pali Vogl, yemwe kale anali kuyimba nyimbo za Schubert kunyumba kokha, pomwepo adazindikira kutchuka kwa ntchito za wolemba nyimboyu. Woimbayo adasankha "kuwakwapula" kumalo owonetsera.
12. Ntchito ziwiri zoyambirira, "Gemini" ndi "The Magic Harp", zidalephera chifukwa chofooka kwaulere. Malinga ndi malamulowo, wolemba wodziwika bwino sakanakhoza kupereka zake zaulere kapena cholembedwa cholembedwa ndi winawake - zisudzo zidalamulira izi kuchokera kwa olemba olemekezeka. Ndi bwaloli, Schubert sanachite bwino mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake.
13. Kuchita bwino kunachokera kumbali yosayembekezereka. Pa imodzi mwa "masukulu" otchuka kwambiri ku Vienna - konsati yophatikiza ya hodgepodge - Vogl adayimba nyimbo "Forest Tsar", yomwe idachita bwino kwambiri. Ofalitsawo sanafunenso kulumikizana ndi wolemba nyimbo wodziwika bwino, ndipo abwenzi a Schubert onse analamula kuti kufalitsidwaku kuzilipira okha. Mlanduwo udachitika mwachangu kwambiri: atatulutsa nyimbo 10 zokha za Schubert motere, abwenzi adalipira ngongole zake zonse ndikupatsa wolemba nyimboyo ndalama zochuluka. Nthawi yomweyo adazindikira kuti Franz amafunikira woyang'anira ndalama - analibe ndalama, ndipo samadziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndalama zake.
14. Seventh Symphony ya Schubert amatchedwa "Unfinished" osati chifukwa wolemba sanathe kumaliza. Schubert amangoganiza kuti wanena zonse zomwe akufuna mmenemo. Komabe, ili ndi magawo awiri, pomwe mu symphony ayenera kukhala anayi, kotero akatswiri amadzimva kuti ndi osakwanira. Zolemba za symphony zakhala zikutolera fumbi m'mashelufu kwazaka zopitilira 40. Ntchitoyi idachitika koyamba mu 1865.
15. Ndi kutchuka kwa Schubert ku Vienna, "Schubertiada" - madzulo pomwe achinyamata amasangalala m'njira iliyonse, amakhala okongoletsa. Iwo amawerenga ndakatulo, kusewera masewera, ndi zina zambiri. Koma chochitika chovekedwa korona nthawi zonse chinali Schubert pa limba. Adapanga nyimbo zovina akupita, ndipo pali magule opitilira 450 mu cholowa chake chokha. Koma abwenzi a wolemba amakhulupirira kuti Schubert adapanga nyimbo zovina zambiri.
Schubertiad
16. Mu Disembala 1822, Schubert adadwala chindoko. Wolembayo sanachedwe ngakhale kuchipatala - kumeneko adalemba mawu abwino "Mkazi Wokongola wa Miller". Komabe, ndimlingo wapa chitukuko chamankhwala, chithandizo cha chindoko chinali chotalika, chopweteka komanso chofooketsa thupi. Schubert anali ndi nthawi yokhululukidwa, adayamba kuwonekeranso pagulu, koma thanzi lake silinapezenso bwino.
17. Pa Marichi 26, 1828 Vienna adawonera chigonjetso chenicheni cha Franz Schubert. Konsati idapangidwa kuchokera kuntchito zake, zomwe zidachitika ndi oyimba abwino kwambiri aku Austria. Omwe anali nawo ku konsatiyo adakumbukira kuti chisangalalo cha omvera chidakula ndi nambala iliyonse. Pamapeto pa pulogalamu yomwe idalengezedwa, atagwira atatu mu E-flat major, makoma a holoyo adatsala pang'ono kugwa - zinali zachizolowezi kuti a Viennese afotokozere chisangalalo chapamwamba kwambiri ndi nyimbo popondaponda. Oimbawo adaitanidwa kuti adzayitanenso nthawi ina ngakhale magetsi oyatsa mu holoyo adazimitsidwa. Schubert adathedwa nzeru ndi kuchita bwino. Ndipo anali ndi miyezi yochepa chabe kuti akhale ndi moyo ...
18. Franz Schubert anamwalira pa Novembala 19, 1828 kunyumba kwake ku Vienna. Chifukwa cha imfa anali tayifodi. Anakhala masiku omaliza a moyo wake ali ndi vuto la kutentha thupi. Mwachidziwikire, masiku 20 awa ndi okhawo omwe anali okhwima pamoyo wa wolemba yemwe samagwira ntchito. Mpaka masiku ake omaliza, Schubert adagwira ntchito zake zodabwitsa.
19. Schubert anaikidwa m'manda a Wehring pafupi ndi manda a Beethoven. Pambuyo pake, zotsalira za olemba awiri akulu zidazunzidwanso ku Central Cemetery.
Manda a Beethoven ndi Schubert
20. Schubert adalemba ntchito zopitilira 1,200 m'mitundu yambiri. Ndipo m'nthawi ya moyo wake, gawo laling'ono chabe la zomwe wolemba adalemba lidawona kuwalako. Otsalawo pang'onopang'ono adasonkhana padziko lonse lapansi: china chake chidapezeka ndi olowa m'malo mwa anzawo, china chake chidabwera posuntha kapena kugulitsa malo. Ntchito zonse zidasindikizidwa mu 1897 zokha.
