Chuma chamakono chidapangidwa mwanjira yoti sichingachite popanda mabanki. Maboma akuopa kugwa kwa mabanki akuluakulu kuposa eni ake, ndipo pakawopsa amathandizira mabanki otere kuti apulumuke powapezera ndalama kuchokera ku bajeti. Ngakhale akatswiri azachuma akudandaula za izi, maboma mwina ali oyenera kuchita izi. Banki yayikulu yomwe ikuphulika imatha kugwira ntchito ngati domino yoyamba mgulu la mtundu wake, ndikuwononga magawo onse azachuma.
Mabanki ali ndi (ngati sichinali chovomerezeka, ndiye kuti ayi) mabizinesi akulu kwambiri, kugulitsa nyumba ndi zina. Koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Panali nthawi zina pamene mabanki, nthawi zina moona mtima ndipo nthawi zina samachita bwino kwambiri, adagwira ntchito yawo yoyambirira - kuti atumikire zachuma ndi anthu ena, kusamutsa ndalama ndikukhala ngati nkhokwe zikhalidwe. Umu ndi momwe mabanki adayambitsira ntchito zawo:
1. Pokambirana za momwe banki yoyamba idatulukira, mutha kuthyola makope ambiri ndikusiyidwa popanda mgwirizano. Zachidziwikire, anthu ochenjera akuyenera kuti adayamba kubwereketsa ndalama "ndi phindu" pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ndikubwera kwa ndalama kapena zofanana. Ku Greece wakale, azachuma ayamba kale kuchita malonjezo, ndipo izi sizinachitike ndi anthu okha, komanso akachisi. Ku Egypt wakale, ndalama zonse zaboma, zomwe zimabwera komanso zotuluka, zidasonkhanitsidwa m'mabanki apadera aboma.
2. Chuma sichinalandiridwe konse ndi Mpingo wa Roma Katolika. Papa Alexander III (uyu ndiye mutu wapadera wa tchalitchi, yemwe anali ndi ma antipode anayi) adaletsa obwereketsa kulandira mgonero ndikuwayika maliro malinga ndi mwambo wachikhristu. Komabe, akuluakulu aboma amagwiritsa ntchito zoletsa kutchalitchi pokhapokha ngati zingawathandize.
Papa Alexander Wachitatu sanakonde obwereketsa ndalama kwambiri
3. Pokhala ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi chikhristu, amatsutsa katapira katapira ka katapira ka chisilamu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mabanki achisilamu kuyambira nthawi zakale amangotenga kuchokera kwa kasitomala osati kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe adabwereka, koma kutenga nawo gawo pamalonda, katundu, ndi zina zotero. Chiyuda sichimaletsa chiwongola dzanja ngakhale mwalamulo. Ntchito yotchuka pakati pa Ayuda idawalola kuti alemere, ndipo nthawi yomweyo nthawi zambiri imabweretsa ziwopsezo zamagazi, momwe makasitomala achisoni a omwe adalandila nawo nawo nawo mosangalala. Atsogoleri apamwamba sanazengereze kutenga nawo mbali pogroms. Mafumuwo amachita mosavutikira - mwina amapereka misonkho yayikulu kwa azachuma achiyuda, kapena amangopereka ndalama zochepa.
4. Mwina kungakhale koyenera kutcha banki yoyamba Order la Knights Templar. Bungweli lapeza ndalama zochulukirapo pongogulitsa zachuma. Makhalidwe omwe a Templars "amasungira" (monga adalembera m'mapangano oletsa chiletso) adaphatikizapo korona wachifumu ndi peerage, zisindikizo ndi zina zamayiko. Kumwazikana ku Europe konse, zofunikira za a Templars zinali zofananira ndi nthambi zomwe zilipo tsopano zamabanki, zomwe sizimalipira ndalama. Nachi fanizo la kukula kwa Knights Templar: ndalama zawo m'zaka za zana la 13 zidapitilira ma franc miliyoni 50 pachaka. Ndipo a Templars adagula chilumba chonse cha Kupro ndi zonse zomwe zidapezedwa kuchokera ku Byzantine kwa ma 100 ma franc zikwi. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mfumu yaku France Philip the Handsome mokondwera adadzinenera a Templars za machimo onse omwe angakhalepo, adasokoneza lamuloli, adapha atsogoleriwo ndikulanda malo a lamuloli. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, akuluakulu aboma adawauza osunga ndalama m'malo mwawo ...
Ma Templars adamaliza bwino
5. Mu Middle Ages, chiwongola dzanja changongole chinali osachepera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ndalama zomwe zidatengedwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimkafika magawo awiri mwa atatu pachaka. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa madipoziti sikunapitirire 8%. Lumo lotere silinathandize kwambiri kuti anthu ambiri azikonda mabanki akale.
6. Amalonda akale ankagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo posinthanitsa ndi anzawo komanso nyumba zamalonda, kuti asatenge ndalama zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zimalola kupulumutsa pakusinthana ndalama, zomwe zinali zochuluka kwambiri panthawiyo. Ngongolezi zinali zitsanzo za macheke aku banki, ndalama zamapepala, ndi makhadi aku banki nthawi yomweyo.
Ku banki yakale
7. M'zaka za zana la 14, nyumba zosungira ndalama ku Florentine za Bardi ndi Peruzzi zidalipira mbali zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi mu Nkhondo Ya Anglo-French Zaka 100. Kuphatikiza apo, ku England, kwakukulu, ndalama zonse zaboma zinali m'manja mwawo - ngakhale mfumukazi idalandira ndalama mthumba m'maofesi aku banki aku Italy. Ngakhale a King Edward III kapena a King Charles VII sanabwezere ngongole zawo. Peruzzi adalipira ngongole 37% za bankirapuse, Bardi 45%, koma ngakhale izi sizinapulumutse Italy ndi Europe yense pamavuto akulu, nyumba zamabanki zidalowa kwambiri pachuma.
8. Riksbank, banki yayikulu yaku Sweden, ndiye banki yakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza pa maziko ake ku 1668, Riksbank ndiyotchuka chifukwa chakuti idayamba pamsika wazachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi ntchito yapadera yazachuma - chindapusa pamalipiro oyipa. Ndiye kuti, a Riksbank amalipiritsa pang'ono (pakadali pano?) Gawo la ndalama za kasitomala kuti azisunga ndalama za kasitomala.
Riksbank nyumba yamakono
9. Mu Russia Empire, State Bank idakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo ndi Peter III mu 1762. Komabe, mfumuyi idagwetsedwa posachedwa, ndipo banki idayiwalika. Pokhapokha mu 1860, boma la State Bank ku Russia linali ndi ndalama zokwana 15 miliyoni.
Ntchito yomanga State Bank of the Russian Empire ku St. Petersburg
10. Palibe banki yadziko kapena boma ku United States. Gawo limodzi la owongolera akuchitidwa ndi Federal Reserve System - gulu lankhondo lalikulu 12, mabanki ang'onoang'ono oposa 3,000, Board of Governors ndi mabungwe ena angapo. Mwachidziwitso, Fed imayang'aniridwa ndi nyumba yotsika ya Senate yaku US, koma mphamvu zamalamulo zimangokhala zaka 4, pomwe mamembala a Fed Council amasankhidwa kwanthawi yayitali.
11. Mu 1933, pambuyo pa Kupsinjika Kwakukulu, mabanki aku America adaletsedwa kuti azichita nawo zadongosolo pogula ndi kugulitsa masheya, kuyikapo ndalama ndi mitundu ina ya zinthu zomwe sizabanki. Kuletsaku kudapitilirabe, koma mwalamulo amayesetsabe kutsatira lamulolo. Mu 1999, zoletsa pamabanki aku America zidachotsedwa. Anayamba kuyendetsa bwino ndalama ndikukongoletsa kugulitsa nyumba, ndipo kale mu 2008 mavuto azachuma komanso azachuma adatsata, zomwe zidakhudza dziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake mabanki samangokhala ngongole komanso masungidwe, komanso ngozi ndi zovuta.
