Benedict Spinoza (dzina lenileni Baruch Spinoza; 1632-1677) - wafilosofi wachi Dutch komanso wazachilengedwe wachiyuda, m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri masiku ano.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu zonena za Spinoza, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Benedict Spinoza.
Wambiri Spinoza
Benedict Spinoza adabadwa pa Novembala 24, 1632 ku Amsterdam. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lomwe silikugwirizana ndi zochitika za sayansi.
Abambo ake, a Gabriel Alvarez, anali ogulitsa bwino zipatso, ndipo amayi ake, a Hannah Deborah de Spinoza, anali kugwira nawo ntchito yosamalira nyumba ndikulera ana asanu.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Vuto loyamba mu mbiri ya Spinoza lidachitika ali ndi zaka 6, pomwe amayi ake adamwalira. Mkazi adamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha TB.
Ali mwana, mnyamatayo adapita kusukulu yachipembedzo, komwe adaphunzira Chiheberi, zamulungu zachiyuda, zoyimbira ndi maphunziro ena. Popita nthawi, adaphunzira Chilatini, Chisipanishi ndi Chipwitikizi, komanso amalankhula Chifalansa ndi Chitaliyana.
Pa nthawi imeneyo Benedict Spinoza ankakonda kuphunzira za akatswiri akale, achiarabu ndi achiyuda. Pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake mu 1654, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Gabriel, adapitiliza kupanga bizinesi yabanja. Nthawi yomweyo, amatengera malingaliro Achiprotestanti wamba, ndikusiya ziphunzitso zachiyuda.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti a Spinoza amuneneze kuti ndi mpatuko ndipo adachotsedwa pagulu lachiyuda. Pambuyo pake, mnyamatayo adaganiza zogulitsa gawo la bizinesi yabanja kwa mchimwene wake. Pofuna kudziwa zambiri, adakhala wophunzira pakoleji yaboma ya Yesuit.
Apa Benedict adayamba kulowerera mu filosofi yachi Greek komanso yakale, adakulitsa chidziwitso chake cha Chilatini, komanso adaphunzira kujambula ndi kupukuta magalasi owoneka bwino. Ankalankhula Chiheberi bwino kwambiri kotero kuti zidamupatsa mwayi wophunzitsa Chihebri kwa ophunzira.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti filosofi ya Rene Descartes idakhudza kwambiri malingaliro a Spinoza. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1650, adayambitsa gulu la oganiza bwino, lomwe lidasintha mbiri yake.
Malinga ndi akuluakulu, mwamunayo adayamba kuwopseza anthu opembedza komanso amakhalidwe abwino. Zotsatira zake, adathamangitsidwa ku Amsterdam chifukwa chothandizana ndi Apolotesitanti komanso malingaliro ake.
Nzeru
Pofuna kudziteteza momwe angathere kuchokera pagulu komanso kuchita nawo nzeru, a Benedict Spinoza adakhazikika kumwera kwa dzikolo. Apa adalemba buku lotchedwa "A Treatise on the Improvement of the Mind."
Pambuyo pake, woganiza uja adakhala wolemba ntchito yake yayikulu - "Ethics", yomwe idawulula lingaliro loyambira lamalingaliro ake anzeru. Spinoza adapanga metaphysics ndikufanizira ndi malingaliro, zomwe zidapangitsa izi:
- kugawa zilembo (kupeza malingaliro ofunikira);
- chiphunzitso cha axioms zomveka;
- kutengera malingaliro aliwonse pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomveka.
Zotsatira izi zidathandizira kufika pamaphunziro olondola, ngati ma axioms analiowona. M'mabuku otsatirawa, Benedict adapitilizabe kukulitsa malingaliro ake, omwe ambiri mwa iwo anali lingaliro la kudziwa kwamunthu za umunthu wake. Izi zimafunikiranso kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ndi metaphysics.
Mwa metaphysics Spinoza amatanthauza chinthu chopanda malire chomwe chimadzipangitsa chokha. Komanso, pansi pa chinthucho kumatanthauza zomwe "zimakhalapo zokha ndipo zimaimiridwa kudzera mwa izo zokha." Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zonse ndi "chilengedwe" ndi "mulungu", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ziyenera kumveka ngati zonse zomwe zilipo.
Malinga ndi malingaliro a Benedict Spinoza, "Mulungu" si munthu. Zinthu ndizosayerekezeka, zosagawanika komanso zamuyaya, komanso zimagwira ntchito mwachilengedwe munthawi yonseyi. Chilichonse (chinyama, nkhuni, madzi, mwala) chimangokhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Zotsatira zake, "Ethics" ya Spinoza idadzetsa chiphunzitso chakuti Mulungu ndi chilengedwe zilipo mosiyana. Zinthu zili ndi malingaliro osatha (pazomwe zimakhala zofunikira), koma awiri okha mwa iwo amadziwika ndi munthu - kukulitsa ndi kuganiza.
Wafilosofi adawona kuthekera kwa sayansi mu masamu (geometry). Chimwemwe chimakhala mchidziwitso ndi mtendere womwe umabwera chifukwa choganizira za Mulungu. Munthu yemwe thupi lake lapatsidwa chidwi limakwanitsa kukwaniritsa mgwirizano ndikukhala wachimwemwe, motsogozedwa ndi kulingalira, malingaliro, malamulo, zikhumbo ndi nzeru.
Mu 1670 Spinoza adafalitsa buku la Theological and Political Treatise, pomwe adateteza ufulu wa kafukufuku wasayansi komanso wofufuza mozama za Baibulo ndi miyambo. Pokusakaniza malingaliro ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana azidziwitso, adatsutsidwa ndi anthu am'nthawi yake komanso omutsatira.
Olemba mbiri yina komanso omwe amagwira nawo ntchito ku Benedict adatsata malingaliro ake akumvera chisoni Kabbalah komanso zamatsenga. Komabe, malingaliro a Dutchman anali otchuka kwambiri ku Europe, kuphatikiza Russia. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ntchito zake zonse zatsopano zidasindikizidwa ku Russia.
Moyo waumwini
Malinga ndi zomwe zidatsalira, Spinoza analibe chidwi ndi moyo wake. Amakhulupirira kuti sanakwatire kapena kukhala ndi ana. Amakhala moyo wodzimana, amapeza ndalama pogaya magalasi ndikulandila chithandizo kuchokera kwa abwenzi ndi anthu amalingaliro ofanana.
Imfa
Benedict Spinoza anamwalira pa February 21, 1677 ali ndi zaka 44. Zomwe zimamupha anali chifuwa chachikulu, chomwe chamuvutitsa zaka 20 zapitazi. Matendawa apita patsogolo chifukwa cha kupuma fumbi panthawi yopera magalasi owonera ndikusuta fodya, komwe kale kumkawoneka ngati mankhwala.
Wafilosofiyo anaikidwa m'manda wamba, ndipo chuma chake chonse ndi makalata ake zinawonongedwa. Chozizwitsa, ntchito zotsalirazo zidasindikizidwa popanda dzina la wolemba.
