Kwa zaka chikwi chonse, Byzantium, kapena Ufumu Wakum'mawa kwa Roma, adakhalapo m'malo mwa Roma wakale pachikhalidwe. Boma lomwe lili ndi likulu ku Constantinople silinali pamavuto, koma lidalimbana ndi ziwopsezo za akunja, zomwe zidawonongera Western Western Roman. Mu Ufumu, sayansi, zaluso ndi zamalamulo zidayamba, ndipo zamankhwala zaku Byzantine zidaphunziridwa mosamala ngakhale ndi asing'anga achiarabu. Pamapeto pake, Ufumuwo unali malo okha owala pamapu aku Europe, omwe adagwera munthawi zamdima zoyambirira za Middle Ages. Byzantium ndiyofunikanso kwambiri pakusunga cholowa chakale chachi Greek ndi Chiroma. Tiyeni tiyese kudziwa mbiri ya Ufumu Wakum'mawa kwa Roma mothandizidwa ndi zochititsa chidwi.
1. Poyambira, panalibe magawano mu ufumu wa Roma. Ngakhale m'masiku ogwirizana, boma linali kutaya mgwirizano mwachangu chifukwa chakukula kwake kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, mafumu akumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa boma anali olamulira anzawo.
2. Byzantium idakhalapo kuyambira 395 (atamwalira mfumu ya Roma Theodosius Woyamba) mpaka 1453 (kulandidwa kwa Constantinople ndi anthu aku Turkey).
3. Kwenikweni, dzina "Byzantium" kapena "Ufumu wa Byzantine" adalandira kuchokera kwa olemba mbiri achi Roma. Anthu okhala mu Ufumu Wakummawa adatcha dzikolo Ufumu wa Roma, iwonso Aroma ("Aroma"), ku Constantinople Roma Watsopano.
Mphamvu zakukula kwa Ufumu wa Byzantine
4. Gawo lolamulidwa ndi Constantinople limakhala likuchulukira nthawi zonse, likukula pansi pa mafumu olimba ndikuchepa pansi pa ofooka. Nthawi yomweyo, dera lachigawo limasintha nthawi zina. Mphamvu zakukula kwa Ufumu wa Byzantine
5. Byzantium inali ndi fanizo lake lomasinthira mitundu. Mu 532, anthu adayamba kufotokoza kusakhutira kwawo ndi malingaliro okhwima a Emperor Justinian. Mfumuyo idapempha gululo kuti lizikambirana ku Hippodrome, komwe asitikali anangotsiriza anthu omwe sanatengeredwe. Olemba mbiri yakale amalemba za anthu masauzande ambiri omwe amwalira, ngakhale kuti chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezedwa.
6. Chikhristu ndichimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu pakukweza Ufumu Wakum'mawa kwa Roma. Komabe, kumapeto kwa ufumuwo, udachita zoyipa: maiko ambiri azikhulupiriro zachikhristu adanenedwa mdzikolo, zomwe sizinathandize mgwirizanowu.
7. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, Arabu omwe adamenya nkhondo ndi Constantinople adawonetsa kupirira zipembedzo zina kotero kuti mafuko omwe anali pansi pa Byzantium adakonda kukhalabe pansi paulamuliro wawo.
8. Kwa zaka 22 m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu ndi zisanu ndi zinayi mkazi adalamulira Byzantium - woyamba anali regent ndi mwana wake wamwamuna, yemwe adamchititsa khungu, kenako mfumukazi yathunthu. Ngakhale nkhanza zoonekeratu kwa ana ake omwe, Irina adasankhidwa kukhala wovomerezeka chifukwa chobwezeretsa zithunzi m'matchalitchi.
9. Othandizira a Byzantium ndi Russ adayamba m'zaka za zana la 9. Ufumuwo udathamangitsa zovuta za oyandikana nawo mbali zonse, ndikudziphimba ndi Nyanja Yakuda kuchokera kumpoto. Kwa Asilavo, sichinali chopinga, kotero a Byzantine amayenera kutumiza nthumwi kumpoto.
10. M'zaka za zana la 10 kudadziwika ndi nkhondo zingapo zomwe zachitika pakati pa Russia ndi Byzantium. Ntchito zopita ku Constantinople (monga Asilavo amatchedwa Constantinople) zidatha mosiyanasiyana. Mu 988, Prince Vladimir adabatizidwa, yemwe adalandira mwana wamkazi wamfumu wa ku Byzantine Anna, ndipo Russia ndi Byzantium zidakhazikitsa mtendere.
11. Kugawika kwa Mpingo wa Chikhristu kukhala Tchalitchi cha Orthodox komwe kuli likulu ku Constantinople ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi malo ku Italy kudachitika mu 1054 panthawi yofooketsa kwambiri Ufumu wa Byzantine. M'malo mwake, chinali chiyambi cha kutsika kwa New Rome.
Kuukira kwa Constantinople ndi gulu lankhondo
12. Mu 1204, Constantinople adagwidwa ndi gulu lankhondo. Pambuyo pa kupha anthu ambiri, kufunkha ndi moto, anthu amzindawu adatsika kuchokera pa 250 kufika pa 50,000. Zambiri zikhalidwe komanso zipilala zakale zidawonongedwa. Kuukira kwa Constantinople ndi gulu lankhondo
13. Monga otenga nawo gawo mu Nkhondo Yachinayi, Constantinople adagonjetsedwanso ndi mgwirizano wa mamembala 22.
Ottoman amalanda Constantinople
14. M'zaka za zana la 14 ndi 15, adani akulu a Byzantium anali Ottoman. Anachotsa madera onse a ufumu wawo m'chigawo, chigawo ndi chigawo, mpaka Sultan Mehmed II atalanda Constantinople mu 1453, ndikumaliza ufumu womwe kale unali wamphamvu. Ottoman amalanda Constantinople
15. Akuluakulu oyang'anira mu Ufumu wa Byzantine anali odziwika bwino. Nthawi ndi nthawi, aganyu, alimi, komanso osintha ndalama m'modzi amalowa m'mfumu. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito m'malo apamwamba aboma.
16. Kuwonongeka kwa Ufumu kumadziwika bwino ndi kunyozeka kwa asitikali. Olowa m'malo ankhondo amphamvu kwambiri komanso asitikali apamadzi omwe analanda Italy ndi North Africa pafupifupi ku Ceuta anali asitikali 5,000 okha omwe adateteza Constantinople kuchokera ku Ottoman mu 1453.
Chikumbutso cha Cyril ndi Methodius
17. Cyril ndi Methodius, omwe amapanga zilembo za Chisilavo, anali a Byzantines.
18. Mabanja a Byzantine anali ochuluka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, banja limodzi linali m'banja limodzi, kuyambira agogo mpaka adzukulu. Mabanja awiriawiri omwe timadziwa bwino anali ofala pakati pa olemekezeka. Iwo anakwatirana ndipo anakwatirana ali ndi zaka 14-15.
Udindo wa mkazi mbanja umadaliranso magulu omwe amakhala nawo. Azimayi wamba anali oyang'anira nyumbayo, adaphimba nkhope zawo ndi zofunda ndipo sanasiye theka la nyumbayo. Oimira magulu apamwamba amtundu wa anthu atha kukopa ndale zadziko lonse.
20. Ndi kuyandikira konse kwa unyinji wa azimayi ochokera kunja, chidwi chachikulu chidaperekedwa kukongola kwawo. Zodzola, mafuta onunkhira komanso mafuta onunkhira anali otchuka. Nthawi zambiri amabwera kuchokera kumayiko akutali kwambiri.
21. Tchuthi chachikulu mu Ufumu Wakum'mawa kwa Roma chinali tsiku lobadwa likulu - Meyi 11. Madyerero ndi maphwando adaphimba anthu onse mdzikolo, ndipo likulu la tchuthicho linali Hippodrome ku Constantinople.
22. Anthu a Byzantine anali amwano kwambiri. Ansembe, chifukwa cha zotsatira za mpikisanowo, adakakamizidwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuletsa zosangalatsa zopanda vuto ngati dayisi, cheke kapena chess, osatinso kupalasa njinga - timu yampikisano wokwera mpira ndi makalabu apadera.
23. Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ambiri, a Byzantine pafupifupi sanatchere khutu malingaliro asayansi, kukhala okhutira kokha ndi magawo ogwiritsidwa ntchito a chidziwitso cha sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, adapanga napalm yakale - "Greek Greek" - koma magwero ndi kapangidwe ka mafutawo sichinali chinsinsi kwa iwo.
24. Ufumu wa Byzantine unali ndi malamulo okonzedwa bwino omwe amaphatikiza malamulo akale achiroma ndi ma code atsopano. Cholowa chalamulo cha Byzantine chidagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi akalonga aku Russia.
25. Poyamba, chilankhulo cholembedwa cha Byzantium chinali Chilatini, ndipo a Byzantine amalankhula Chigiriki, ndipo Chigiriki ichi chimasiyana ndi Greek Greek komanso Greek. Kulemba m'Chigiriki cha Byzantine sikunayambe kuonekera mpaka zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri.
