Sydney Opera House yakhala ikudziwika kwa mzindawu komanso chizindikiro cha Australia. Ngakhale anthu omwe ali kutali ndi zojambulajambula komanso zomangamanga amadziwa yankho la funso loti nyumba yokongola kwambiri masiku ano ili kuti. Koma owerengeka a iwo sakudziwa zovuta zomwe omwe adakonza polojekitiyi adakumana nazo komanso kuthekera kwakuti kuzizira kwake kunali kwakukulu. Kumbuyo kwa "House of the Muses" yomwe imawoneka ngati yopepuka komanso yotsogola, yomwe imatsogoza omvera kudziko la nyimbo ndi malingaliro, pali ndalama za titanic zobisika. Mbiri yakukhazikitsidwa kwa Sydney Opera House siyotsika poyambira kapangidwe kake.
Magawo akulu omanga a Sydney Opera House
Woyambitsa nyumbayo anali woyang'anira waku Britain a J. Goossens, yemwe adalimbikitsa akuluakulu aboma kuti asapezekebe mzindawu komanso mdziko lonselo ndikumanga bwino komanso zomvekera bwino, chidwi chodziwika bwino cha anthu mu opera ndi ballet. Anayambanso kutolera ndalama (1954) ndipo adasankha malo oti amange - Cape Bennelong, wazunguliridwa mbali zitatu ndi madzi, yomwe ili pa 1 km kuchokera paki yapakati. Chilolezo chomanga chidapezeka mu 1955, chifukwa chokana kwathunthu ndalama zopangira bajeti. Ichi chinali chifukwa choyamba chochedwetsera ntchito yomanga: zopereka ndi ndalama zochokera ku lottery yomwe idalengezedwa zidasonkhanitsidwa pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri.
Mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi wopanga nyumba yabwino kwambiri ya Sydney Opera House udapambanidwa ndi katswiri wazomanga ku Denmark J. Utzon, yemwe adafuna kukongoletsa doko ndi nyumba yofanana ndi sitima yomwe ikuuluka pamafunde. Chojambula chomwe chawonetsedwa ku komitiyi chimawoneka ngati sewero, wolemba yemwe samadziwika panthawiyo sanadalire kuti apambana. Koma mwayi unali mbali yake: inali ntchito yake yomwe idakopa tcheyamani - Eero Saarinen, womanga nyumba yemwe ali ndiulamuliro wosasunthika pantchito yomanga. Lingaliro silinali logwirizana, koma pamapeto pake siketch ya Utzon idadziwika kuti ndi ergonomic kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi ntchito zina zinawoneka zolemetsa komanso banal. Amawonekeranso modabwitsa kuchokera mbali zonse ndikuganizira momwe chilengedwe chilili ndi madzi.
Ntchito yomangayi, yomwe idayamba ku 1959, idatha zaka 14 m'malo mwa 4 yomwe idakonzedwa ndikufuna madola miliyoni a 102 aku Australia motsutsana ndi maziko 7. Zifotokozedwazo zonse ndikusowa ndalama komanso kufunikira kwa olamulira kuti awonjezere maholo ena awiri pantchitoyi. Zipolopolo zomwe zidafotokozedweratu sizimatha kukhala nazo zonse komanso zinali ndi zolakwika. Zinatenga zaka zomangamanga kuti apeze yankho lina ndikuthana ndi mavutowo.
Zosinthazi zidakhudza chiwerengerocho: chifukwa cha kulemera kwanyumbayo, maziko omwe adamangidwa ku Sydney Harbor amayenera kuphulika ndikusinthidwa ndi ena atsopano, kuphatikiza milu 580. Izi, kuphatikiza zofunikira zatsopano pakuwonjezera malo amalonda (osunga ndalama akufuna kupeza gawo lawo) komanso kuziziritsa ndalama kuchokera ku lottery yaboma mu 1966, zidapangitsa Utzon kukana ntchito yofunika kwambiri pantchito yake ndikupita ku Australia mtsogolo.
Otsutsa ntchitoyi adadzudzula omangawo kuti amaba ndalama ndipo zowona anali kunena zoona. Koma analibe mwayi woti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zokwanira 7 miliyoni zoyambirira: panthawiyo kunalibe zida zonyamula zoyandama ku Australia (crane iliyonse yoyika matabwa idalipira 100,000 yokha), mayankho ambiri anali atsopano kwambiri ndipo amafuna ndalama zowonjezera. Zigawo zopitilira 2000 zopangidwa zidapangidwa molingana ndi masiketi osiyana, ukadaulowu udakhala wokwera mtengo komanso wovuta.
Zofolerera ndi zomata padenga analamulanso kunja. 6000 m2 magalasi ndi mayunitsi opitilira 1 miliyoni a matailosi oyera ndi zonona (azulejo) adapangidwa m'maiko aku Europe mwapadera. Kuti tipeze denga lokwanira bwino, matailosi adalumikizidwa, makina onse anali 1.62 ha. Tsamba lobiriwira pamwamba ndi ma kudenga osanjikiza omwe sanapezeke pamapangidwe oyamba. Omangawo analibe mwayi woti amalize ntchitoyo chisanafike chaka cha 1973.
Kufotokozera kwa kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake ndi zokongoletsera zamkati
Pambuyo potsegulira kwakukulu, Sydney Opera House idadziwika kuti idapangidwa ndi Expressionism komanso zokopa zazikulu zadzikoli. Zithunzi za iye zidawonekera m'makalata ama kanema, magazini ndi makadi akumbukiro. Nyumba yayikuluyo (matani 161,000) imawoneka ngati bwato loyera kapena zipolopolo zoyera ngati chipale zomwe zidasintha mthunzi wawo pomwe kuyatsa kumasintha. Lingaliro la wolemba kuti alande kunyezimira kwa dzuwa ndikusuntha mitambo masana ndi kuyatsa kowala usiku kwadzilungamitsa kwathunthu: kulimbikira sikufunikiranso zokongoletsa zina.
Zipangizo zam'deralo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa mkati: matabwa, plywood ndi granite wapinki. Kuphatikiza pa maholo akulu 5 okhala ndi anthu okwana 5738, holo yolandirira alendo, malo odyera angapo, mashopu, malo omwera, masitudiyo ambiri ndi zipinda zothandiza zinali mkati mwa nyumbayo. Kuvuta kwazinthuzi kwakhala kwachilendo: nkhani ya mthenga yemwe adasochera ndikuyenda papulatifomu ndi gawo panthawi yamasewera amadziwika ndi aliyense ku Sydney.
Zosangalatsa komanso mawonekedwe akuchezera
Wolemba malingaliro ndi wopanga projekiti yayikulu, Jorn Utzon, adalandila mphotho zingapo zapamwamba, kuphatikiza Pritzker mu 2003. Adalemba mbiri ngati womanga nyumba wachiwiri, yemwe chilengedwe chake chimadziwika kuti World Heritage Site nthawi yonse ya moyo wake. Chodabwitsachi sichidangokhala pakukana kwa Jorn kugwira ntchitoyi zaka 7 asanamalize maphunziro komanso poyendera Sydney Opera House. Akuluakulu am'deralo, pazifukwa zina, sanatchule dzina lake panthawi yotsegulira ndipo sanamuwonetse pagome la olemba pakhomo (lomwe linali losiyana kwambiri ndi mendulo yagolide yomwe adapatsidwa kuchokera ku Council of Architects of Sydney ndi mitundu ina yakuthokoza kuchokera pagulu lazikhalidwe).
Chifukwa cha kusintha kosiyanasiyana komanso kusowa kwa dongosolo loyambirira la zomangamanga, zimakhala zovuta kuyesa zopereka zenizeni za Utzon. Koma ndi iye amene anakulitsa mfundoyi, anachotsa kupangika kwa kapangidwe kake, anathetsa mavuto amalo, kukhazikika kwa denga ndi mavuto akulu ndi zomveka. Okonza mapulani ndi opanga ku Australia anali ndiudindo wokwaniritsa ntchitoyi ndikukongoletsa mkati. Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, sanathe kuthana ndi ntchitoyi. Ena ntchito pa kusintha ndi kusintha lamayimbidwe mpaka lero.
Zina zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi kupezeka ndi chitukuko cha malowa ndi monga:
- kufunika kosalekeza ndi chidzalo. Sydney Opera House imalandira pakati pa owonera 1.25 ndi 2 miliyoni pachaka. Chiwerengero cha alendo obwera kudzajambula zithunzi zakunja ndichosatheka kuwerengera. Maulendo apanyumba amachitika makamaka masana, omwe akufuna kukachita nawo zisangalalo zamadzulo ayenera kusungitsa matikiti pasadakhale;
- magwiridwe antchito. Nyumba za opera, kuwonjezera pa cholinga chawo chachikulu, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zikondwerero, makonsati ndi zisudzo zodziwika bwino: kuyambira Nelson Mandela mpaka Papa;
- kutseguka kwathunthu kwa alendo komanso kavalidwe. Sydney Opera House imalandira alendo masiku asanu ndi awiri pa sabata, kupatula Khrisimasi ndi Lachisanu Labwino;
- kuzindikira padziko lonse wapadera. Zovutazo ndizoyenera kuphatikizidwa ndiukadaulo wopangidwa ndi anthu wazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, nyumbayi imadziwika kuti ndi yomanga bwino kwambiri komanso yomanga bwino zomangamanga zamakono;
- kupezeka kwa chiwalo chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi chokhala ndi mapaipi 10,000 mu holo yayikulu ya konsati.
Zolemba ndi mapulogalamu owonjezera
Otsatira nyimbo zaku Russia ali ndi chifukwa chomveka chodzinyadira: chidutswa choyamba chomwe chidakhazikitsidwa pagawo la House of Muses chinali sewero la S. Prokofiev Nkhondo ndi Mtendere. Koma repertoire ya zisudzo sikuti imangokhala ndi zisudzo komanso nyimbo zosemphana ndi nyimbo. M'malo ake onse, mumachitika zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi zisudzo: kuyambira zisudzo mpaka zisudzo.
Mabungwe azikhalidwe omwe adalumikizidwa ndi zovuta - "Australia Opera" ndi Sydney Theatre, ndi otchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira 1974, mothandizidwa nawo, ziwonetsero zabwino kwambiri ndi zisudzo zaperekedwa kwa omvera, kuphatikiza ma opera ndi zisudzo zatsopano zadziko.
Ziwerengero zoyerekeza zomwe zachitika zimafika 3000 pachaka. Kuti mudziwe bwino repertoire ndi kuyitanitsa matikiti, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili patsamba lovomerezeka. Pulogalamu ya Sydney Opera House ikusintha nthawi zonse. Njira yojambulira digito pamachitidwe awo mwaluso kwambiri, ndikutsatiridwa ndi ziwonetsero pa TV komanso m'makanema, ngakhale anali ndi mantha, adakopa owonera ena ambiri. Luso labwino kwambiri ladziwika kuti ndikumanga koyambirira kwa Zakachikwi zatsopano za malo otseguka Forecourt pamasewera, ziwonetsero ndi makonsati m'mbali mwa Sydney Bay.
