Ngalande ya Mariana (kapena Mariana Trench) ndiye malo akuya kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ili kumphepete chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, makilomita 200 kum'mawa kwa Mariana Archipelago.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, umunthu umadziwa zochulukirapo pazinsinsi zam'mlengalenga kapena mapiri atali kuposa zam'madzi akuya. Ndipo malo amodzi osamvetsetseka komanso osadziwika padziko lapansi ndi Mariana Trench. Ndiye tikudziwa chiyani za iye?
Mariana Trench - pansi padziko lapansi
Mu 1875, gulu la a corvette aku Britain a Challenger adapeza malo ku Pacific Ocean komwe kunalibe pansi. Kilometre ndi kilometre chingwe chomwe maerewo adadutsa, koma kunalibe pansi! Ndipo pa kuya kwake kwa mamita 8184 kutsika kwa chingwe kudayima. Umu ndi momwe mng'alu wakuya kwambiri pansi pamadzi udatsegulidwa. Anatchedwa Mariana Trench potengera zilumba zapafupi. Anatsimikiza mawonekedwe ake (mwa mawonekedwe a kachigawo) ndi malo akuya kwambiri, otchedwa "Challenger Phompho". Ili pa 340 km kumwera kwa chilumba cha Guam ndipo ili ndi ma 11 ° 22 ′s. lat., 142 ° 35 'kum'mawa etc.
Kuyambira pamenepo, kupsinjika kwakunyanja kumeneku kwatchedwa "mzati wachinayi", "chiberekero cha Gaia", "pansi padziko lapansi". Akatswiri ofufuza nyanja akhala akuyesera kuti adziwe kukula kwake. Kafukufuku wazaka zapitazi wapereka matanthauzo osiyanasiyana. Chowonadi ndichakuti pakuya kwakukulu koteroko, kuchuluka kwa madzi kumawonjezeka pamene akuyandikira pansi, chifukwa chake, zida zamamvekedwe amawu omveka mmenemo zimasinthanso. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma echo sounder barometers ndi ma thermometer m'magulu osiyanasiyana, mu 2011 mtengo wakuya mu "Challenger's Abyss" udayikidwa pa 10994 ± 40 mita. Uku ndiye kutalika kwa Phiri la Everest kuphatikiza ma kilomita ena awiri kuchokera pamwambapa.
Kupanikizika pansi pamtsinje wamadzi pafupifupi 1100 mumlengalenga, kapena 108.6 MPa. Magalimoto ambiri akunyanja adapangidwa kuti azitha kutalika kwa 6-7 ma mita zikwi. Munthawi yomwe idadutsa kuyambira pomwe anapeza chigwa chakuya kwambiri, zidatheka kufikira pansi pake kanayi kokha.
Mu 1960, Trieste yakuya panyanja koyamba padziko lapansi idatsikira kumunsi kwenikweni kwa Mariana Trench ku Challenger Abyss muli anthu awiri okwera: US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh ndi wolemba zanyanja waku Switzerland a Jacques Picard.
Zomwe adawona zidapangitsa kuti pakhale lingaliro lofunikira zakupezeka kwa moyo kumunsi kwa canyon. Kupezeka kwa kukwera kwamadzi kunalinso ndi tanthauzo lachilengedwe: kutengera pamenepo, mphamvu za nyukiliya zidakana kutaya zinyalala zowononga nyukiliya pansi pa Mariana Gap.
M'zaka za m'ma 90, kafukufuku wosadziwika wa ku Japan "Kaiko" adasanthula ngalande, yomwe idabweretsa kuchokera pansi pamiyeso yamatope, momwe mabakiteriya, nyongolotsi, nkhanu, komanso zithunzi za dziko lomwe silikudziwika.
Mu 2009, loboti waku America Nereus adagonjetsa phompho, ndikukweza zinyalala, mchere, zitsanzo za zinyama zakuya komanso zithunzi za nzika zosadziwika kuchokera pansi.
Mu 2012, a James Cameron, wolemba Titanic, Terminator ndi Avatar, adalowera kuphompho lokha. Anakhala maola 6 pansi akutola zitsanzo za nthaka, mchere, nyama, komanso kujambula zithunzi ndikujambula kanema wa 3D. Kutengera izi, kanema "Challenge to the Abyss" idapangidwa.
Kupeza kodabwitsa
M'ngalande, pakuya pafupifupi makilomita 4, pali phiri laphalaphala la Daikoku, lotulutsa sulfa yamadzi, yomwe imawira pa 187 ° C pakakhumudwa pang'ono. Nyanja yokhayo ya sulfure yamadzi idapezeka pa mwezi wa Jupiter - Io.
M'makilomita awiri kuchokera pamwamba "osuta wakuda" amatuluka - magwero amadzi otentha ndi madzi a hydrogen sulphide ndi zinthu zina, zomwe, polumikizana ndi madzi ozizira, amasandulika sulphides wakuda. Kusuntha kwa madzi a sulphide kumafanana ndi utsi wakuda. Kutentha kwamadzi pakufika kwake kumafika 450 ° C. Nyanja yoyandikana nayo siiwira kokha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi (maulendo 150 kuposa pamwamba).
Kumpoto kwa canyon kuli "osuta oyera" - ma geysers omwe amatulutsa kaboni dayokisaidi kutentha kwa 70-80 ° С Asayansi akuwonetsa kuti ndi "mapaipi" otentha otere omwe munthu ayenera kuyang'ana chiyambi cha moyo Padziko Lapansi. Akasupe otentha "otenthetsa" madzi oundana, othandizira moyo kuphompho - kutentha kumunsi kwa Mariana Trench kuli pakati pa 1-3 ° C.
Moyo kunja kwa moyo
Zikuwoneka kuti mumdima wamdima wathunthu, bata, kuzizira kozizira komanso kupsinjika kosapiririka, moyo wachisokonezo ndi wosaganizirika. Koma kafukufuku wa kukhumudwa akutsimikizira zomwezo: pali zinthu zamoyo pafupifupi makilomita 11 pansi pamadzi!
Pansi pa sinkhole pamakhala mamasulidwe akuda ochokera kuzinyalala zomwe zakhala zikutsika kuchokera kumtunda kwa nyanja kwazaka mazana ambiri. Mucus ndi malo abwino kwambiri oberekera mabakiteriya a barrophilic, omwe amapanga maziko a zakudya za protozoa ndi zamoyo zamitundu yambiri. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala chakudya cha zamoyo zovuta kwambiri.
Zachilengedwe zamtsinje wapansi pamadzi ndizapadera kwambiri. Zinthu zamoyo zatha kusinthasintha kukhala malo ankhanza, owononga munthawi yanthawi zonse, atapanikizika kwambiri, akusowa kuwala, mpweya wochepa komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapoizoni. Moyo m'malo osapiririka anapatsa ambiri okhala m'phompho mawonekedwe owopsa komanso osakopa.
Nsomba zakuya panyanja zimakhala ndi pakamwa modabwitsa, zokhala ndi mano akuthwa. Kupanikizika kwakukulu kunapangitsa matupi awo kukhala ang'ono (2 mpaka 30 cm). Komabe, palinso zitsanzo zazikulu, monga amoeba-xenophyophore, yotalika masentimita 10. Shaki wokazinga ndi goblin shark, wokhala mozama mita 2000, nthawi zambiri amafikira 5-6 mita kutalika.
Oimira mitundu yamoyo yosiyanasiyana amakhala mozama mosiyanasiyana. Kuzama kwa okhala kuphompho, kumawongolera ziwalo zawo zowoneka bwino, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kuwunika pang'ono panyama ya nyama mu mdima wathunthu. Anthu ena iwonso amatha kupanga kuwala. Zolengedwa zina zilibe ziwalo zowonera, zimasinthidwa ndi ziwalo zogwira ndi radar. Ndikukula kwakuya, okhala m'madzi ochulukirachulukira amataya mtundu, matupi a ambiri aiwo amakhala owonekera.
Pamalo otsetsereka omwe "osuta akuda" amakhala, mollusks amakhala, omwe aphunzira kuyimitsa ma sulphides ndi hydrogen sulfide, omwe ndi owopsa kwa iwo. Ndipo, zomwe zidakali chinsinsi kwa asayansi, pansi pazovuta zazikulu pansi, mwanjira inayake adakwanitsa kusunga chipolopolo chawo. Anthu ena okhala mu Mariana Trench akuwonetsanso zomwezo. Kafukufuku wa zitsanzo za zinyama adawonetsa kuchuluka kowonjezera kwa radiation ndi zinthu za poizoni.
Tsoka ilo, zolengedwa zakuya zam'madzi zimafa chifukwa chakusinthasintha pakufuna kulikonse kuti zizibweretse pamwamba. Tithokoze kokha chifukwa cha magalimoto amakono apanyanja pomwe zakhala zotheka kuphunzira omwe akukhala kukhumudwa m'malo awo achilengedwe. Oimira zinyama zomwe sizidziwika ndi sayansi zadziwika kale.
Zinsinsi ndi zinsinsi za "m'mimba mwa Gaia"
Phompho lodabwitsa, monga chodabwitsa chilichonse chosadziwika, laphimbidwa ndi zinsinsi zambiri ndi zinsinsi. Kodi amabisala pansi pati? Asayansi aku Japan adati pomwe amadyetsa nsombazi, adawona nsombayo kutalika kwa mita 25 ikudya zilamba. Chilombo chachikulu chotere chimangokhala megalodon shark, yomwe idazimiririka pafupifupi zaka 2 miliyoni zapitazo! Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe apeza mano a megalodon pafupi ndi Mariana Trench, omwe zaka zawo zimangokhala zaka 11,000 zokha. Titha kuyerekezera kuti zitsanzo za zirombazi zidasungidwa pansi penipeni pa dzenjelo.
Pali nkhani zambiri zokhudza mitembo ya zirombo zazikulu zoponyedwa kumtunda. Ndikutsikira kuphompho kwa sitima yapamadzi yaku Germany "Highfish", kutsetsereka kunayima 7 km kuchokera pamwamba. Kuti amvetsetse chifukwa chake, omwe adakwera pa capsule adayatsa magetsi ndipo adachita mantha: malo awo osambira, ngati mtedza, anali kuyesera kuluma buluzi wina wakale! Mphamvu yamagetsi yokhayo kudzera pakhungu lakunja ndiomwe idawopseza chilombocho.
Nthawi ina, m'madzi am'madzi aku America atamizidwa, kupera kwazitsulo kunayamba kumveka pansi pamadzi. Kutsika kudayimitsidwa. Poyang'ana zida zomwe zidakwezedwa, zidapezeka kuti chingwe chachitsulo cha titaniyamu chinali chocheka (kapena choluma), ndipo matanda a galimoto yapamadzi anali opindika.
Mu 2012, kamera yakanema yamagalimoto opanda mlengalenga "Titan" ochokera kumtunda wamakilomita 10 adatumiza chithunzi cha zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo, mwina UFO. Posakhalitsa kulumikizana ndi chipangizocho kudasokonekera.
Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge za Halong Bay.
Tsoka ilo, palibe umboni wotsimikizika wazosangalatsa izi, zonse zimangotengera zolemba za omwe adawona ndi maso. Nkhani iliyonse ili ndi mafani ake ndi okayikira, zotsutsana zake.
Asanalowe m'malo owopsa, James Cameron adati akufuna kuwona ndi maso ake gawo lina lazinsinsi za Mariana Trench, pomwe pali mphekesera zambiri ndi nthano zambiri. Koma sanawone chilichonse chomwe chikadapitilira malire odziwika.
Ndiye tikudziwa chiyani za iye?
Kuti timvetsetse momwe Mariana Underwater Crevice idapangidwira, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ziboo (zotengera) nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja mothandizidwa ndi mbale zosunthira. Mbale za m'nyanja, zokulirapo komanso zolemera kwambiri, "zimakwawa" pansi pazigawozo, ndikupanga zonyika zakuya pamapazi. Chozama kwambiri ndikalumikizana kwa Pacific ndi Philippines Philippines tectonic mbale pafupi ndi Mariana Islands (Mariana Trench). Mbale ya Pacific imayenda pamtunda wa masentimita 3-4 pachaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapiri aziphulika m'mbali mwake.
Pakati pazitali zakuya kwambiri izi, milatho inayi yotchedwa milatho - yopingasa mapiri - idapezeka. Zitunda zidapangidwa mwina chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka lithosphere ndi mapiri ophulika.
Chophimbacho chimakhala chozungulira ngati V, chimakulanso m'mwamba ndikukwera kutsika. Kutalika kwa canyon kumtunda kumtunda ndi makilomita 69, m'mbali yochulukirapo - mpaka ma 80 kilomita. M'lifupi mwake pansi pakati pamakoma ndi ma kilomita 5. Malo otsetsereka a makomawo ndi ofanana ndipo ndi 7-8 ° okha. Kukhumudwaku kumayambira kumpoto mpaka kumwera kwamakilomita 2500. Ngalandeyo imakhala yozama pafupifupi mamita 10,000.
Ndi anthu atatu okha omwe adayendera pansi pa Mariana Trench mpaka pano. Mu 2018, kusambira kwina kwamankhwala kukukonzekera kupita "pansi padziko lapansi" pakatikati kwambiri. Pakadali pano wapaulendo wotchuka waku Russia Fedor Konyukhov komanso wofufuza malo ozungulira Artur Chilingarov ayesa kuthana ndi kukhumudwako ndikupeza zomwe zimabisa mozama. Pakadali pano, malo osambira akuya kwambiri akupangidwa ndipo pulogalamu yakufufuza ikukonzedwa.
