Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa, Novgorod Kremlin ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri pakupanga zida zankhondo. Ndili m'dera lake momwe muli malo odziwika bwino monga Millennium of Russia, St. Sophia Cathedral, ndi Vladychny Chamber.
Makoma achitetezo okhala ndi kutalika kwakanthawi kochepera kilomita imodzi ndi theka kutalika amafika 15 mita, ndipo pa nsanja khumi ndi ziwiri za m'zaka za zana la 15, ndi asanu ndi anayi okha omwe apulumuka mpaka lero. Tsopano ma Detinets (otchedwa Kremlin), omwe dera lawo limaposa mahekitala 12, amatetezedwa ndi UNESCO ndipo ndi gawo la malo osungiramo zinthu zakale mumzinda, zithunzi zokongola zomwe zimakopa alendo padziko lonse lapansi.
Mbiri ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa Novgorod Kremlin
Palibe chidziwitso chokhudza nthawi yomwe zomangamanga izi zidamangidwa, sizikudziwika mchaka chiti. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa izo kunayamba ku 1044, chifukwa ndiye mwana wamwamuna woyamba wa Yaroslav Wanzeru, Prince Vladimir waku Novgorod adamanga linga loyamba. Amakhulupirira kuti palibe chomwe chidapulumuka, koma pakufukula za m'mabwinja zidakumana ndi mitengo ya thundu, yomwe mwina ndi yotsalira ya malo achitetezo awa m'zaka za zana la 11.
Ankaonedwa kuti ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo adagwidwa kamodzi kokha ndi kalonga wa Polotsk: adawotcha gawo lake ndikulanda Katolika ya St. Sophia. Ma Detinets pambuyo pake adabwezeretsedwanso ndikukulitsidwa ndi mwana wa Vladimir Monomakh - Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. Zinali ndiye kuti Novgorod linga anafika miyeso yomwe idakalipo mpaka lero.
Pakati pa zaka za zana la 12, chifukwa cholimbitsa mphamvu ya meya wa Novgorod, kalonga adasamutsira nyumba yake ku Rurikovo Gorodishche, komwe idakhala zaka zopitilira zitatu ndi theka. Ambiri mwa Novgorod Kremlin panthawiyo anali ndi khothi la bishopu wamkulu, yemwe amayang'anira chuma ndi kuyang'anira zolemera ndi miyezo. Kudera lomwe amakhala amakhala mipingo yambiri komanso nyumba zachuma.
Mwa njira, motsogozedwa ndi Archbishop Vasily ntchito yomanga Kremlin idayamba, koma kusintha kwathunthu kwa gulu lamatabwa kunamalizidwa kokha pakati pa zaka za zana la 15. Mwala wamiyala wamasiku amenewo udakalipobe mpaka lero, mwachitsanzo, titha kuwona pafupi ndi chipinda cha Granovita (Vladychnaya).
Gulu loyanjanitsa lidapeza mawonekedwe amakono pang'ono ku Republic of Novgorod ophatikizidwa ndi oyang'anira a Moscow. Kenako, pankhondo, mfuti zinali zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu, ndipo linga lakale silimatha kukhala m'malo oterewa. Zolemba zakale za nthawi imeneyo zimati kumangidwako kudachitika malinga ndi mitundu yakale, koma zikanakhala zowona kunena kuti linga lamangidwanso.
Kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa zaka za zana la 18, a Peter I adapereka lamulo lokhazikitsa ma Detinets, kenako nsanja zake ndi makoma ake adakonzedwa. Pakati pa zaka zotsatira, Millennium of Russia idakhazikitsidwa. Pofika nthawiyo, kunali kofunika kuti abwezeretse gawo lina la khoma lomwe linali lalitali kuposa mita 150, lomwe linali litagwa posachedwa.
Pa Great Patriotic War, Novgorod Kremlin, monga mzinda womwewo, idawonongeka kwambiri ndi kumenya nkhondo ndi zipolopolo. Tenti ya Spasskaya Tower idagwa, ndipo bomba lidagwetsedwa pa Kokuy Tower. Kuyambira pamenepo, kubwezeretsa kwa mawonekedwe akale a nyumbayo sikunayime: kuwonjezera pa kumanganso, zofukula zikuchitika kumeneko, zopangidwa kuti zidziwe zambiri za moyo wakale wa linga.
Phatikizani
Mapangidwe amangidwe a Veliky Novgorod ndiwodziwika bwino kuti amadziwika kuti ndi nyumba yoyamba ya Russia, yomwe idamangidwa ndi njerwa zofiira. Amakhulupirira kuti, potsatira chitsanzo cha kapangidwe kameneka, ntchito yomanga nyumba yokhala ndi mano ngati chilembo M (yotchedwanso mchira wa kumeza) idayamba. Izi ndizokongoletsa chabe.
Akatswiri a zomangamanga ochokera ku Italy ndi ogwira ntchito ku Germany anaitanidwa kukamanga. Nyumbayi imayimira Detinets, oyenera kumenya nkhondo pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti. Mipira yamavuto sanachititse kuwononga nsanja, cholinga chake chinali kuteteza chitetezo chonse. Ma Detinets anali atazunguliridwa mbali zitatu ndi ngalande yakuya yolowera ku Mtsinje wa Volkhov.
Nsanja zomwezo zidapangidwa zingapo. Pokhala pamwamba kwambiri, mlondayo amatha kuwona bwino pamitunda yayitali, kotero mdani amatha kuwoneka atatsala pang'ono kufika ku Novgorod Kremlin. Madenga a nsanjazo adachepa kwambiri pamwamba kuti utsi wakupha wochokera kufufutidwa ubalalike bwino. Zina mwa izo ankagwiritsa ntchito polowera, kutanthauza kuti, anali ndi chipata. Mkati mwake, munamangidwa akachisi apachipata. Mazikowo anali ndi ndende zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito ngati ndende, zipinda zosungira kapena zipinda zosungira zakudya.
Lero, nyumba za Novgorod Kremlin:
- Imodzi mwamipingo yakale kwambiri ku Russia - Sophia Cathedral, yomanga yomwe idayamba mu 1045. Belfry wake ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri zamtunduwu, komanso chimodzi mwazikulu kwambiri. Palibe zofanana kwa izo ngakhale pakali pano ku Russia. Mwa njira, imapereka mawonekedwe abwino, omwe amatha kuwona pazithunzi zambiri za Kremlin.
- Chipinda Chokhazikika - iyi ndi holo yomwe munachitikira miyambo yofunika kwambiri yachipembedzo ya mzindawo. Munali malo okhalapo chakudya chapadera ndi madalitso, ofesi ya bishopu ndi chipinda chosungira ziwiya za tchalitchi. Amadziwika kuti ndi nyumba yokhayo ya chi Gothic ku Russia.
- Chipilala "Millennium of Russia".
- Nsanja ya wotchi, utali wa mamitala 40, udagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati nsanja yamoto.
- Nyumba zisanu ndi zinayi, zobwezerezedwanso kuchokera pamafotokozedwe akale omwe amayenda kupitirira mzere wamakoma achitetezo. Zonsezi ndizodabwitsa chifukwa cha kukula kwake kokongola komanso zokongoletsera.
Chidwi cha Novgorod Kremlin
Nthano zambiri, zinsinsi komanso zosangalatsa zimakhudzana ndikumanga kwa Kremlin komanso zomangamanga zokha, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi kutchula malowa ndi mawu achilendo "detinets". Alendo ambiri amadzifunsa chifukwa chake Kremlin amatchedwa Detinets ndipo mawuwa amatanthauza chiyani? Ku Russia wakale, linali dzina la linga, lomwe lazunguliridwa ndi makoma ndi ngalande. Pambuyo pake, mawu oti "Kremlin" adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwake. Amakhulupirira kuti mawuwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira ku Novgorod ndi Pskov. Kuyambira yotsirizira, patapita nthawi, iye mbisoweka, kotero anayamba kulumikizana yekha ndi zilankhulo Novgorod.
Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni chomwe mawu oti "detinets" amachokera. Akatswiri ena azachipembedzo amakhulupirira kuti imalumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la "mwana" (zikhalidwe zake pakagwa zoopsa, "anachita" kapena kubisala munyumbayo) kapena "agogo", popeza zinali pano pomwe okalamba adasonkhana kuti athetse mavuto aliwonse ofunikira mdera.
Nazi zina zambiri zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi zipilala zomanga nyumbayi:
- belu lalikulu kwambiri pamiyambo yazaka za zana la 18 limalemera matani 26;
- Pakufukula, chimangidwe chamatabwa choyambirira chidapezeka, chifukwa chake shaftyo sinagwe. Munali zipika za thundu, zokutidwa ndi dothi komanso zokutidwa bwino;
- mayina a nsanja zina adapangidwa ndi olemba mbiri okha kapena olemba mbiri am'deralo, chifukwa sanatchulidwe kulikonse kapena mbiri;
- kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, Church of the Intercession idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kachisi wa ndende, popeza nsanja yomwe inali pafupi nayo inali ndende.
Pitani ku Detinets
Maola otsegulira a Kremlin amakulolani kuti muyende pamenepo kuyambira m'mawa kwambiri (maola 6) mpaka pakati pausiku, koma m'malo omwe amakhala nthawi iliyonse yoyendera imasiyanasiyana. Mitengo zimadalira zomwe alendo akufuna kuyendera, koma sizokwera. Mwachitsanzo, kupita ku Museum of Fine Arts kwa munthu wamkulu kumawononga ma ruble 200. Tikiti imodzi imachotsera 30%, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuyendera zokopa zingapo nthawi imodzi: nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi Faceted Chamber. Palinso masiku omwe maboma okondera amakhazikitsidwa pamitundu ina ya nzika ndipo mutha kubwera ku Detinets kwaulere. Alendo amaloledwa kujambula zithunzi, zitsogozo zama audio kapena maulendo operekedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muyang'ane ku Astrakhan Kremlin.
Tsopano Novgorod Kremlin ndi malo azikhalidwe omwe amakopa alendo ambiri pamaulendo osachokera ku Russia komanso mayiko ena. Ndi nyumba yomwe pamakhala zowonekera kwambiri ku Museum of Novgorod, momwe alendo amakhala ndi choti awone: laibulale ndi gulu la philharmonic, sukulu ya zaluso ndi nyimbo. Gulu la Kremlin ndi lachilendo komanso loyambirira, chifukwa ndi pano pomwe mutha kuwona momwe kapangidwe ka zida zankhondo ndi anthu wamba zimakhudzirana.