Maximilian Karl Emil Weber, wodziwika kuti Max Weber (1864-1920) - Katswiri wazikhalidwe zaku Germany, wafilosofi, wolemba mbiri komanso wachuma. Adakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi yasayansi, makamaka chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pamodzi ndi Emile Durkheim ndi Karl Marx, Weber amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa sayansi yazachikhalidwe.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Max Weber, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale mbiri yayifupi ya Weber.
Mbiri ya Max Weber
Max Weber adabadwa pa Epulo 21, 1864 mumzinda waku Erfurt ku Germany. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la wandale wodziwika bwino a Max Weber Sr. ndi mkazi wake a Helena Fallenstein. Anali woyamba mwa ana 7 kwa makolo ake.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Asayansi ambiri, andale komanso azikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amasonkhana mnyumba ya Weber. Mutu wa zokambirana udali makamaka pazandale mdziko muno komanso padziko lapansi.
Max nthawi zambiri amapita kumisonkhanoyi, chifukwa chake adayamba kukonda ndale komanso zachuma. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 13, adapereka zolemba ziwiri m'mbiri kwa makolo ake.
Komabe, iye sanakonde makalasi ndi aphunzitsi, chifukwa iwo wotopetsa iye.
Pakadali pano, a Max Weber Jr. adawerenga mwachinsinsi mabuku onse 40 a Goethe. Kuphatikiza apo, anali kudziwa ntchito zamakedzana ena ambiri. Pambuyo pake, ubale wake ndi makolo ake udasokonekera.
Ali ndi zaka 18, Weber adakwanitsa kupambana mayeso a zamalamulo ku University of Heidelberg.
Chaka chotsatira adasamutsidwa ku University of Berlin. Kenako, limodzi ndi abwenzi ake, nthawi zambiri ankakhala ndi kapu ya mowa, komanso ankachita mipanda.
Ngakhale izi, Max adalandira mamakisi apamwamba pamakalata onse, ndipo ali wachinyamata adagwira ntchito ngati loya wothandizira. Mu 1886, Weber adayamba kudziyimira pawokha pakulimbikitsa.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Weber adalandira digiri yake ya Doctor of Laws, kuti ateteze bwino malingaliro ake. Anayamba kuphunzitsa ku University of Berlin komanso kulangiza makasitomala pazokhudza zamalamulo.
Sayansi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu
Kuphatikiza pa malamulo, a Max Weber nawonso anali ndi chidwi ndi zaumunthu, zomwe ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anayamba kuchita nawo zandale, nalowa chipani chakumanzere.
Mu 1884, mnyamatayo adakhazikika ku Freiburg, komwe adayamba kuphunzitsa zachuma pasukulu yophunzitsa zapamwamba. Posakhalitsa adatha kusonkhanitsa anzeru abwino kwambiri omuzungulira, ndikukhazikitsa zomwe zimatchedwa "Weber circle". Max adafufuza zachuma komanso mbiriyakale yamalamulo malinga ndi malingaliro azikhalidwe.
Popita nthawi, Weber adayambitsa mawuwo - kumvetsetsa za chikhalidwe cha anthu, pomwe amalimbikitsidwa kuti amvetsetse zolinga ndi tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pambuyo pake, kumvetsetsa kwa psychology kunakhala maziko a zochitika zamagulu azikhalidwe, zamankhwala, zamaganizidwe, ndi zina zambiri.
Mu 1897, Max adakangana ndi abambo ake, omwe adamwalira miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, osagwirizananso ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna. Imfa ya kholo idakhudza psyche ya wasayansi. Anayamba kupsinjika, samatha kugona usiku, ndipo nthawi zonse ankangokhalira kutaya mtima.
Chotsatira chake, Weber anasiya kuphunzitsa ndipo anachiritsidwa kuchipatala cha miyezi ingapo. Kenako adakhala zaka ziwiri ku Italy, komwe adabwera koyambirira kwa 1902.
Chaka chotsatira, a Max Weber adachira ndipo adatha kubwerera kuntchito. Komabe, m'malo mophunzitsa kuyunivesite, adaganiza zokhala wothandizira mkonzi m'buku lasayansi. Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, ntchito yake yayikulu, The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), idasindikizidwa mu kope lomwelo.
Pogwira ntchitoyi, wolemba adakambirana momwe chikhalidwe ndi zipembedzo zimayendera, komanso momwe amathandizira pakukula kwachuma. M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, Weber adaphunzira mayendedwe achipembedzo aku China, India ndi Chiyuda chakale, kuyesera kupeza mwa iwo zifukwa za njira zomwe zidatsimikizira kusiyana pakati pazachuma kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa.
Pambuyo pake, Max adadzipangira "Germany Sociological Association" yake, ndikukhala mtsogoleri wawo komanso wolimbikitsa malingaliro. Koma atatha zaka zitatu adasiya bungweli, ndikusintha kukhazikitsidwa kwa andale. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ayesetse kugwirizanitsa anthu omasuka komanso demokalase, koma ntchitoyi sinachitike.
Kumayambiriro kwa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse (1914-1918), Weber adapita kutsogolo. Nthawi yonseyi ya mbiri yake, anali mgulu la zipatala zankhondo. Kwa zaka zambiri, adakonzanso malingaliro ake pakukula kwa Germany. Tsopano adayamba kutsutsa mwamphamvu njira zandale za Kaiser.
Max adayitanitsa demokalase ku Germany, m'malo mochita bwino pantchito. Kuphatikiza apo, adatenga nawo gawo pazisankho zanyumba yamalamulo, koma sanathe kupeza thandizo la ovota.
Pofika mu 1919, mwamunayo adakhumudwa ndi ndale ndipo adaganiza zophunzitsanso. M'zaka zotsatira, adafalitsa ntchito "Science ngati ntchito ndi ntchito" komanso "Ndale ngati ntchito komanso ntchito." M'ntchito yake yomaliza, adaganiza zaboma potengera bungwe linalake lokhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zachiwawa moyenera.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti si malingaliro onse a Max Weber omwe adalandiridwa ndi anthu. Malingaliro ake mwanjira ina adakhudza chitukuko cha mbiri yazachuma, malingaliro ndi njira zachuma.
Moyo waumwini
Pamene wasayansiyo anali wazaka pafupifupi 29, adakwatirana ndi wachibale wakutali wotchedwa Marianne Schnitger. Wosankhidwayo adagawana zomwe mwamuna wake amakonda. Kuphatikiza apo, iye mwini anafufuza mozama za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo anali kuteteza ufulu wa amayi.
Olemba mbiri yina ya Weber akuti panalibe ubale wapakati pa okwatirana. Ubwenzi wa Max ndi Marianne akuti umangopangidwira ulemu ndi zofuna zawo zokha. Ana mgwirizanowu sanabadwe konse.
Imfa
Max Weber anamwalira pa June 14, 1920 ali ndi zaka 56. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali Spanish chimfine mliri, amene anachititsa vuto mu mawonekedwe a chibayo.
Chithunzi ndi Max Weber
