Richard I the Lionheart (1157-1199) - Mfumu yaku England komanso wamkulu kuchokera ku mzera wa Plantagenet. Amakhalanso ndi dzina lodziwika pang'ono - Richard Yes-and-No, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anali laconic kapena kuti zinali zosavuta kumukhotetsa mbali imodzi.
Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwamtanda wamtanda. Adakhala nthawi yayitali kunja kwa England munthawi yamtanda komanso munkhondo zina.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Richard I the Lionheart, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Richard 1.
Mbiri ya Richard I the Lionheart
Richard adabadwa pa Seputembara 8, 1157 mumzinda waku England ku Oxford. Anali mwana wachitatu wa mfumu yaku England Henry II ndi Alienora waku Aquitaine. Kuphatikiza pa iye, makolo ena a Richard anabadwa ana ena anayi - William (anamwalira ali mwana), Henry, Jeffrey ndi John, komanso atsikana atatu - Matilda, Alienora ndi Joanna.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Monga mwana wa banja lachifumu, Richard adalandira maphunziro abwino. Ali mwana, adayamba kuwonetsa luso lankhondo, ndichifukwa chake amakonda kusewera masewera okhudzana ndi zankhondo.
Kuphatikiza apo, mnyamatayo anali wokonda ndale, zomwe zidamuthandiza m'moyo wake wamtsogolo. Chaka chilichonse amakonda kumenya nkhondo zowonjezereka. Anthu amakono adalankhula za iye ngati wankhondo wolimba mtima komanso wolimba mtima.
Mnyamata Richard anali kulemekezedwa pagulu, popeza adakwanitsa kumvera mosakayikira kwa olemekezeka omwe anali mgulu lake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pokhala Mkatolika wodzipereka, amasamala kwambiri zikondwerero zamatchalitchi.
Mnyamatayo adachita nawo miyambo yachipembedzo mosangalala, adayimba nyimbo zampingo komanso "amayendetsa" kwayala. Komanso, iye ankakonda ndakatulo, chifukwa chake anayesa kulemba ndakatulo.
Richard the Lionheart, monga abale ake awiri, amakonda amayi ake kwambiri. Nawonso abalewo sanasamale bambo awo chifukwa chonyalanyaza amayi awo. Mu 1169 Henry II adagawa boma kukhala duchies, kuwagawa pakati pa ana ake.
Chaka chotsatira, mchimwene wake wa Richard, yemwe adavekedwa korona dzina la Henry III, adapandukira abambo ake chifukwa cholandidwa mphamvu zambiri za wolamulira. Pambuyo pake, ana onse amfumu, kuphatikiza Richard, adalowa nawo chipolowe.
Henry II adalanda ana opandukawo ndikulanda mkazi wake. Richard atazindikira izi, anali woyamba kudzipereka kwa abambo ake ndikupempha kuti amukhululukire. Amfumu sanangokhululukira mwana wawo wamwamuna, komanso anamusiyira ufulu wokhala ndi maboma. Zotsatira zake, mu 1179 Richard adapatsidwa ulemu wa Duke of Aquitaine.
Chiyambi cha ulamuliro
M'chaka cha 1183, Henry III adamwalira, motero mpando wachifumu waku England udadutsa Richard the Lionheart. Abambo ake adamulimbikitsa kuti atumize mphamvu ku Aquitaine kupita kwa mchimwene wake John, koma Richard sanavomereze izi, zomwe zidadzetsa mkangano ndi John.
Pofika nthawiyo, Philip Wachiwiri Augustus adakhala mfumu yatsopano yaku France, ndikutenga madera akumayiko a Henry II. Pofuna kukhala ndi chuma, adachita chidwi ndikutembenuzira Richard motsutsana ndi kholo lake.
Mu 1188 Richard the Lionheart adakhala mnzake wa Philip, yemwe adapita naye kukamenyana ndi mfumu yaku England. Ndipo ngakhale Heinrich molimba mtima adamenya nkhondo ndi adani, sanathe kuwapambana.
Henry 2 wodwalayo atamva zakuperekedwa kwa mwana wake wamwamuna John, adadzidzimuka kwambiri ndipo adakomoka mwachangu. Patatha masiku angapo, mchilimwe cha 1189, adamwalira. Ataika bambo ake, Richard anapita ku Rouen, kumene adalandira udindo wa Duke wa Normandy.
Mfundo zapakhomo
Atakhala wolamulira watsopano ku England, Richard I the Lionheart adamasula amayi ake poyamba. Ndizosangalatsa kuti adakhululukira onse omwe anali nawo abambo ake, kupatula Etienne de Marsay.
Chosangalatsanso ndichakuti Richard sanasambitse barons ndi mphotho, omwe adabwera mbali yake pomenya nkhondo ndi abambo ake. M'malo mwake, adawadzudzula chifukwa chakuwopseza komanso kusakhulupirika kwa wolamulira wapano.
Pakadali pano, amayi a mfumu yomwe idangopangidwa kumene anali nawo kumasula akaidi omwe atumizidwa kundende ndi lamulo la malemu mwamuna. Posakhalitsa Richard 1 the Lionheart adabwezeretsa ufulu wa maudindo akuluakulu, omwe adawataya pansi pa Henry 2, ndikubwerera mdziko muno mabishopu omwe adathawa kupitirira malire ake chifukwa chakuzunzidwa.
Chakumapeto kwa 1189, Richard I anaikidwa pampando wachifumu mwalamulo. Mwambo wokhotakhota udaphimbidwa ndi ziwopsezo zachiyuda. Chifukwa chake, kulamulira kwake kudayamba ndikuwunika bajeti ndikuwulula kwa akulu akulu mnyumba yachifumu.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya England, chuma chinayamba kubwereranso kudzera mu malonda a maofesi aboma. Akuluakulu komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo, osafuna kulipira mipando yaboma, adamangidwa nthawi yomweyo ndikuikidwa m'ndende.
Pazaka 10 zakulamulira dzikolo, a Richard the Lionheart anali ku England pafupifupi chaka chimodzi chokha. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga gulu lankhondo ndi apanyanja. Pachifukwa ichi, ndalama zambiri zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zochitika zankhondo.
Pokhala kunja kwa kwawo kwazaka zambiri, England, Richard kulibe, kwenikweni anali kulamulidwa ndi Guillaume Longchamp, Hubert Walter ndi amayi ake. Mfumuyi idabwera kunyumba kachiwirinso kumapeto kwa 1194.
Komabe, mfumuyo idabwerera kudziko lakwawo osati kwaulamuliro koma pamisonkho yotsatira. Ankafuna ndalama zankhondo ndi Philip, zomwe zidatha mu 1199 ndikupambana kwa aku Britain. Zotsatira zake, aku France adayenera kubweza madera omwe analandidwa kale ku England.
Mfundo zakunja
Richard the Lionheart atangokhala mfumu, adayamba kukonzekera zamtanda ku Dziko Loyera. Atamaliza kukonzekera komanso kusonkhanitsa ndalama, adapita kokayenda.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti a Philip II nawonso adalowa nawo gulu lankhondo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti gulu lankhondo laku England ndi France ligwirizane. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti magulu ankhondo a mafumu onsewa anali ndi asitikali 100,000 aliyense!
Ulendowu wautali udatsagana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nyengo yovuta. Achifalansa, omwe adafika ku Palestina pamaso pa Britain, adayamba kuzinga Acre.
Pakadali pano, a Richard the Lionheart adamenya nkhondo ndi gulu lankhondo laku Cypriot, lotsogozedwa ndi wonyenga mfumu Isaac Comnenus. Pambuyo pomenyera nkhondo kwa mwezi wathunthu, aku Britain adakwanitsa kupambana mdaniyo. Iwo adalanda zinthu za ku Kupro ndipo adaganiza kuyambira nthawi imeneyo kutcha boma la Cyprus.
Atadikirira ogwirizana, Achifalansa adaukira mwachangu Acre, yomwe idadzipereka kwa iwo patatha mwezi umodzi. Pambuyo pake, Philip, potchula matenda, adabwerera kunyumba, atatenga asitikali ake ambiri.
Chifukwa chake, ndi ma Knights ochepa omwe adatsalira Richard the Lionheart. Komabe, ngakhale mwa ziwerengero zotere, adakwanitsa kupambana opikisana nawo.
Posakhalitsa, gulu lankhondo lidali pafupi ndi Yerusalemu - ku mpanda wa Ascalon. Asitikali ankhondo adalowa nkhondo yosalingana ndi gulu lankhondo la 300,000 la mdani ndipo adakhala opambana pankhondoyo. Richard adachita nawo nkhondo, zomwe zidalimbikitsa asitikali ake.
Atayandikira pafupi ndi Mzinda Woyera, wamkulu wankhondo adasanthula momwe asirikali alili. Zomwe zidachitika zidadzetsa nkhawa yayikulu: asirikali atatopa ndiulendo wautali, komanso kunasowa chakudya, anthu ndi magulu ankhondo.
Ataganizira mozama, Richard the Lionheart adalamula kuti abwerere ku Acre yomwe idagonjetsedwa. Atamenyera nkhondo ma Saracens, mfumu yaku England idasainirana mgwirizano wazaka zitatu ndi Sultan Saladin. Malinga ndi mgwirizano, akhristu anali ndi ufulu wopita ku Yerusalemu mosavutikira.
Nkhondo yomenyedwa ndi Richard 1 idakulitsa mkhalidwe wachikhristu ku Holy Land kwazaka zana. Kumapeto kwa 1192, wamkuluyo adapita kwawo ndi ma Knights.
Paulendo wapanyanja, adakumana ndi namondwe wamkulu, chifukwa chake adaponyedwa kumtunda. Atadzionetsera ngati woyendayenda, Richard the Lionheart sanayesere kudutsa gawo la mdani wa England - Leopold waku Austria.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti amfumu azindikiridwe ndikumangidwa nthawi yomweyo. Omwe adapulumutsa Richard kuti amupatse mphotho yayikulu. Atabwerera kudziko lakwawo, mfumuyo idalandiridwa ndi anyamata ake.
Moyo waumwini
Pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi, olemba mbiri yaku Britain adafunsa funso loti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a Richard the Lionheart, zomwe zikupangitsabe zokambirana zambiri.
M'chaka cha 1191, Richard adakwatira mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ya Navarre, wotchedwa Berengaria waku Navarre. Ana mgwirizanowu sanabadwe konse. Amadziwika kuti amfumu anali ndiubwenzi wokondana ndi Amelia de Cognac. Zotsatira zake, anali ndi mwana wamwamuna wapathengo, Philippe de Cognac.
Imfa
Amfumu, omwe amakonda kwambiri zankhondo, adamwalira kunkhondo. Panthawi yozinga nyumba yachifumu ya Chaliu-Chabrol pa Marichi 26, 1199, adavulazidwa kwambiri m'khosi ndi uta, zomwe zidamupha.
Richard the Lionheart adamwalira pa Epulo 6, 1199 kuchokera poyizoni wamagazi mmanja mwa mayi wachikulire. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, anali ndi zaka 41.
Chithunzi ndi Richard the Lionheart
