Alcatrazyemwenso amadziwika kuti Thanthwe Ndi chilumba ku San Francisco Bay. Amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha ndende yotetezedwa kwambiri yamtundu womwewo, momwe zigawenga zoopsa kwambiri zimasungidwa. Komanso, akaidi omwe adathawa m'malo omwe adamangidwa adabweretsedwa kuno.
Mbiri ya ndende ya Alcatraz
Boma la US lidaganiza zomanga ndende yankhondo ku Alcatraz pazifukwa zingapo, kuphatikiza zinthu zachilengedwe. Chilumbacho chinali pakatikati pa doko lokhala ndi madzi oundana komanso mafunde amphamvu. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale akaidi adatha kuthawa m'ndende, sizinali zotheka kuti achoke pachilumbacho.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pakati pa zaka za 19th, akaidi ankhondo adatumizidwa ku Alcatraz. Mu 1912, nyumba yayikulu ya zipinda zitatu zam'ndende idamangidwa, ndipo zaka 8 pambuyo pake nyumbayo idatsala pang'ono kudzazidwa ndi omangidwa.
Ndendeyo idadziwika ndi kulangidwa kwakukulu, kuumirira kwa olakwira ndi zilango zazikulu. Nthawi yomweyo, akaidi aku A'katras omwe adatha kutsimikizira kuti ali kumbali yabwino anali ndi ufulu wopatsidwa mwayi osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ena amaloledwa kuthandiza ntchito zapakhomo za mabanja okhala pachilumbachi komanso kusamalira ana.
Akaidi ena atathawa, ambiri anali kudzipereka kwa alonda. Sakanatha kusambira mozungulira malowa ndi madzi oundana. Anthu omwe adaganiza zosambira mpaka kumapeto adamwalira ndi hypothermia.
M'zaka za m'ma 1920, zochitika ku Alcatraz zidayamba kukhala zachikhalidwe. Akaidiwo amaloledwa kumanga bwalo lamasewera ochita masewera osiyanasiyana. Mwa njira, masewera a nkhonya pakati pa akaidi, omwe ngakhale Amereka omvera malamulo amabwera kudzawona kuchokera kumtunda, zidadzutsa chidwi chachikulu.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30, Alcatraz adalandila ndende yaboma, pomwe akaidi owopsa adaperekedwabe. Apa, ngakhale zigawenga zodalirika sizinakhudze oyang'anira, kutengera mwayi wawo mdziko lachifwamba.
Pofika nthawiyo, Alcatraz anali atasinthiratu zambiri: kukondweretsako kunalimbikitsidwa, magetsi amabweretsedwa m'maselo, ndipo ma tunnel onse atsekedwa ndi miyala. Kuphatikiza apo, chitetezo cha kuyenda kwa alonda chidakulitsidwa chifukwa chamapangidwe osiyanasiyana.
M'malo ena, panali nsanja zomwe zimalola alonda kuti azitha kuwona bwino gawo lonselo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti m'ndende ya ndende munali zotengera zokhala ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi (zoyendetsedwa patali), zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikhazikitse akaidi pakumenya nkhondo.
M'ndende momwemo munali ma 600, ogawika m'mabwalo anayi ndipo amasiyana molimba. Izi ndi zina zachitetezo zakhazikitsa chotchinga chodalirika kwa othawa kwambiri.
Posakhalitsa, malamulo oti azigwira ntchito ku Alcatraz asintha kwambiri. Tsopano, woweruza aliyense anali m'selo yake yokha, wopanda mwayi wolandila maudindo. Atolankhani onse adakanidwa kulowa kuno.
Wachifwamba wotchuka Al Capone, yemwe nthawi yomweyo "adayikidwa m'malo mwake", anali akugamula pano. Kwa kanthawi, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "mfundo zakukhala chete" zimachitika ku Alcatraz, pomwe akaidi amaloledwa kupanga mawu kwa nthawi yayitali. Achifwamba ambiri amawona chete ngati chilango choopsa kwambiri.
Panamveka mphekesera zoti ena mwa andendewa anali atasokonezeka mutu chifukwa cha lamuloli. Pambuyo pake "mfundo yakukhala chete" idathetsedwa. Ma ward odzipatula amafunika chisamaliro chapadera, pomwe akaidi anali amaliseche kwathunthu ndikukhutira ndi chakudya chochepa.
Olakwawo adasungidwa m'chipinda chozizira chazokha komanso mumdima wathunthu kuyambira masiku 1 mpaka 2, pomwe amapatsidwa matiresi usiku wokha. Imeneyi inali chilango chokhwima kwambiri chifukwa cha kuphwanya malamulo, komwe akaidi onse amaopa.
Kutsekedwa kwa ndende
M'chaka cha 1963, ndende ya Alcatraz idatsekedwa chifukwa chokwera mtengo poisamalira. Pambuyo pazaka 10, chilumbachi chidatsegulidwa kwa alendo. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pafupifupi anthu 1 miliyoni amayendera chaka chilichonse.
Amakhulupirira kuti mzaka 29 zakugwira ntchito kwa ndendeyo, palibe ngakhale imodzi yomwe idathawa, koma popeza akaidi 5 omwe adathawa ku Alcatraz sanapeze akaidiwo (amoyo kapena akufa), izi zikukayikiridwa. M'mbiri yonse, akaidi adakwanitsa kuyesa 14 osapambana.
