Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov (1907-1982) - Wolemba ndakatulo waku Russia waku Soviet komanso wolemba ndakatulo, wodziwika bwino kuti ndiye wolemba zochitika za "Kolyma Tales", zomwe zimafotokoza za moyo wa akaidi akumisasa yozunzirako anthu ku Soviet nthawi ya 1930-1950.
Okwana, adakhala zaka 16 m'misasa ku Kolyma: 14 akugwira ntchito komanso mkaidi wamankhwala azachipatala ndi ena 2 atatulutsidwa.
Pali mbiri ya Shalamov, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Varlam Shalamov.
Wambiri Shalamov
Varlam Shalamov adabadwa pa June 5 (18), 1907 ku Vologda. Iye anakulira m'banja la wansembe Orthodox Tikhon Nikolaevich ndi mkazi wake Nadezhda Alexandrovna. Iye anali womaliza mwa ana a 5 otsala a makolo ake.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Wolemba zamtsogolo kuyambira ali mwana adasiyanitsidwa ndi chidwi. Ali ndi zaka 3 zokha, amayi ake adamuphunzitsa kuwerenga. Pambuyo pake, mwanayo adathera nthawi yambiri m'mabuku.
Posachedwapa Shalamov anayamba kulemba ndakatulo yake yoyamba. Ali ndi zaka 7, makolo ake adamutumiza kumalo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi amuna. Komabe, chifukwa chakusintha kwa nkhondo ndi Civil War, adatha kumaliza sukulu mu 1923.
Ndi kubwera kwa mphamvu ya a Bolsheviks, kufalitsa kukana Mulungu, banja la Shalamov lidakumana ndi zovuta zambiri. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti m'modzi mwa ana a Tikhon Nikolaevich, Valery, adakana pagulu bambo ake, wansembe.
Kuyambira mu 1918, Sr. Shalamov adasiya kulandira ndalama chifukwa cha iye. Nyumba yake idabedwa ndipo pambuyo pake idakonzedwa. Pofuna kuthandiza makolo ake, Varlam adagulitsa ma pie omwe amayi ake ankaphika pamsika. Ngakhale adazunzidwa kwambiri, mutu wabanjayo adapitilizabe kulalikira ngakhale adakhala wakhungu koyambirira kwa ma 1920.
Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, Varlam anafuna maphunziro apamwamba, koma popeza anali mwana wa m'busa, munthuyo analetsedwa kuphunzira ku yunivesite. Mu 1924 ananyamuka kupita ku Moscow, kumene ankagwira ntchito pa fakitale yopanga zikopa.
Pa mbiri ya 1926-1928. Varlam Shalamov adaphunzira ku Moscow State University ku Faculty of Law. Anathamangitsidwa ku yunivesite "chifukwa chobisa chikhalidwe."
Chowonadi ndichakuti polemba zikalatazo, wopemphayo adasankha abambo ake ngati "wolumala, wogwira ntchito," osati "mtsogoleri wachipembedzo," monga mnzake wasukulu adanenera pakudzudzula. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha kuponderezedwa, komwe mtsogolomo kudzafika pamoyo wonse wa Shalamov.
Kumangidwa ndi kumangidwa
M'zaka zake zophunzira, Varlam anali membala wazokambirana, pomwe adatsutsa mphamvu zonse m'manja mwa Stalin ndikusiya malingaliro a Lenin.
Mu 1927, Shalamov adachita nawo ziwonetsero polemekeza chikondwerero cha 10th cha Revolution ya Okutobala. Pamodzi ndi anthu amalingaliro amodzi, adapempha Stalin kuti atule pansi udindo ndikubwerera ku malamulo a Ilyich. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, adamangidwa koyamba ngati mnzake wa gulu la Trotskyist, pambuyo pake adatumizidwa kumsasa kwa zaka zitatu.
Kuyambira pano mu mbiri, zovuta zamndende za Varlam zimayamba, zomwe zipitilira zaka zopitilira 20. Nthawi yake yoyamba adakhala kumsasa wa Vishersky, komwe mchaka cha 1929 adasamutsidwa kundende ya Butyrka.
Kumpoto kwa Urals, Shalamov ndi akaidi ena adamanga chomera chachikulu. M'dzinja la 1931, adamasulidwa pasadakhale, chifukwa chake amatha kubwerera ku Moscow.
Mu likulu Varlam Tikhonovich chinkhoswe mu kulemba, collaborating ndi kupanga nyumba yosindikiza. Pafupifupi zaka 5 pambuyo pake, adakumbukiridwanso za "malingaliro a Trotskyist" ndipo amamuimba mlandu wotsutsa.
Nthawi ino mwamunayo adaweruzidwa kuti akakhale zaka 5, atamutumiza ku Magadan mu 1937. Apa adapatsidwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri - migodi yakumaso kwa golide. Shalamov amayenera kumasulidwa mu 1942, koma malinga ndi lamulo la boma, akaidi sanaloledwe kumasulidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa Great Patriotic War (1941-1945).
Nthawi yomweyo, a Varlam anali "okhometsedwa" mosalekeza pazolemba zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza "milandu ya maloya" komanso "malingaliro otsutsana ndi Soviet." Zotsatira zake, nthawi yake idakwera mpaka zaka 10.
Kwa zaka zambiri za moyo wake, Shalamov adatha kuyendera migodi 5 ya Kolyma, akugwira ntchito m'migodi, kukumba ngalande, kudula mitengo, ndi zina zambiri. Nkhondo itayambika, zinthu zidasokonekera mwapadera. Boma la Soviet linachepetsa kwambiri chakudya chochepa kale, chifukwa chake akaidiwo amawoneka ngati akufa amoyo.
Mkaidi aliyense amangoganiza za komwe angapeze buledi pang'ono. Omwe adakumana ndi tsoka adamwa decoction wa singano zapaini kuti ateteze kukula kwa scurvy. Varlamov amagona mobwerezabwereza muzipatala zamisasa, pakati pa moyo ndi imfa. Atatopa ndi njala, kugwira ntchito molimbika komanso kusowa tulo, adaganiza zothawa ndi akaidi ena.
Kupulumuka kopandaule kunangokulitsa vutoli. Monga chilango, Shalamov anatumizidwa kuderali. Mu 1946 ku Susuman, adakwanitsa kutumiza kalata kwa dokotala yemwe amamudziwa, Andrei Pantyukhov, yemwe adayesetsa kuyika mndende wodwalayo mchipatala.
Pambuyo pake, Varlamov adaloledwa kutenga kosi ya miyezi 8 yothandizira odwala opaleshoni. Mkhalidwe wamoyo m'maphunzirowa unali wosayerekezereka ndi kayendetsedwe ka msasa. Zotsatira zake, mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yake, adagwira ntchito yothandizira azachipatala. Malinga ndi Shalamov, ali ndi ngongole ya moyo wake ndi Pantyukhov.
Atalandira kumasulidwa kwake, koma akumuphwanyaphwanya ufulu wake, Varlam Tikhonovich adagwiranso ntchito kwa zaka 1.5 ku Yakutia, akutolera ndalama tikiti yobwerera. Anatha kubwera ku Moscow kokha mu 1953.
Chilengedwe
Pambuyo pa nthawi yoyamba, Shalamov ankagwira ntchito monga mtolankhani m'magazini ndi nyuzipepala za likulu. Mu 1936, nkhani yake yoyamba idasindikizidwa mu Okutobala.
Kuthamangitsidwa m'misasa yamilandu kunasintha kwambiri ntchito yake. Ali m'ndende, Varlam adapitiliza kulemba ndakatulo ndikupanga zojambula zantchito zake zamtsogolo. Ngakhale zinali choncho, adayamba kuuza dziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimachitika m'misasa ya Soviet.
Atabwerera kunyumba, Shalamov adadzipereka kwathunthu kulemba. Chotchuka kwambiri chinali mkombero wake wotchuka "Kolyma Tales", wolembedwa mu 1954-1973.
Ntchitozi, Varlam anafotokoza osati zikhalidwe m'ndende, komanso tsogolo la anthu wosweka ndi dongosolo. Atalandidwa chilichonse chofunikira pamoyo wathunthu, munthu adasiya kukhala munthu. Malinga ndi wolemba, kuthekera kwachifundo ndi kulemekezana kumachitika mndende pakakhala nkhani yopulumuka.
Wolembayo anali wotsutsana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa "nkhani za Kolyma" ngati chofalitsa chapadera, chifukwa chake, chonsecho, zidasindikizidwa ku Russia atamwalira. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti filimuyi idawomberedwa potengera ntchitoyi mu 2005.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Shalamov adadzudzula Alexander Solzhenitsyn, wolemba wachipembedzo "Gulag Archipelago". Malingaliro ake, adadzipangira dzina pongoganiza pamutu wamsasawo.
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake yolenga, Varlam Shalamov adasindikiza ndakatulo zingapo, adalemba zisudzo ziwiri ndi nkhani 5 za mbiri yakale komanso zolemba. Kuphatikiza apo, amayenera kusamala kwambiri ndi zolemba zake, zolembera ndi makalata.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi woyamba wa Varlam anali Galina Gudz, yemwe adakumana naye ku Vishlager. Malinga ndi iye, "adamuba" mkaidi wina, yemwe mtsikanayo adabwera pachibwenzi. Ukwati uwu, womwe mtsikana Elena anabadwira, unatha kuyambira 1934 mpaka 1956.
Pakumangidwa kwachiwiri kwa wolemba, a Galina adazunzidwanso ndipo adapita nawo kumudzi wakutali wa Turkmenistan. Anakhala komweko mpaka 1946. Banjali lidakwanitsa kukumana mu 1953, koma posakhalitsa adaganiza zochoka.
Pambuyo pake, Shalamov anakwatira wolemba ana Olga Neklyudova. Awiriwo adakhala limodzi zaka 10 - kunalibe ana wamba. Pambuyo pa chisudzulo mu 1966 mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, mwamunayo amakhala yekha.
Imfa
M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake Varlam Tikhonovich anali wovuta kwambiri. Zaka makumi khumi zotopetsa pantchito yoperewera kwa kuthekera kwaumunthu zidadzipangitsa kudzimva.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, wolembayo adalandirapo chilema chifukwa cha matenda a Meniere - matenda am'makutu amkati, omwe amadziwika ndi kuwukira kwakanthawi kwa ogontha, tinnitus, chizungulire, kusalinganika komanso zovuta zodziyimira pawokha. M'zaka za m'ma 70s adataya kuwona ndi kumva.
Shalamov sanathenso kulumikizana ndi mayendedwe ake ndipo adasuntha movutikira. Mu 1979 adayikidwa mnyumba ya Invalids. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, adadwala sitiroko, chifukwa chake adaganiza zomutumiza kusukulu yanyumba yama psychoneurological.
Paulendo, mkuluyo adagwidwa ndi chimfine ndipo adadwala chibayo, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti afe. Varlam Shalamov anamwalira pa Januware 17, 1982 ali ndi zaka 74. Ngakhale anali wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, sing'anga wake, a Elena Zakharova, adaumiriza kuti aikidwe motsatira miyambo ya Orthodox.
Zithunzi za Shalamov
