Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Mohammed Abdel Salam Hamid Abu Menyar al-GaddafiAmadziwika kuti colonel Gaddafi (1942-2011) - Wosintha boma ku Libyan, kazembe, wankhondo komanso mtsogoleri wandale, wolemba zandale, wamkulu wa Libya munthawi ya 1969-2011.

Gaddafi atasiya ntchito zonse, adayamba kutchedwa mtsogoleri wa Abale ndi mtsogoleri wa Seputembara 1 ya Great Revolution ya Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya kapena mtsogoleri wa Abale ndi mtsogoleri wazosintha.

Ataphedwa mu 2011, nkhondo yolimbana ndi zida zankhondo idayamba ku Libya, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti dzikolo ligawike mmaiko angapo odziyimira pawokha.

Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Gaddafi, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Muammar Gaddafi.

Mbiri ya Gaddafi

Tsiku lenileni lobadwa kwa Muammar Gaddafi silikudziwika. Malinga ndi magwero ena, adabadwa pa June 7, 1942, malinga ndi ena - mu 1940, m'banja la a Bedouin pafupi ndi Qasr Abu Hadi, 20 km kuchokera ku Sirte ya ku Libya. Anali yekhayo mwana wamwamuna wa 6 wa makolo ake.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Popeza Gaddafi anakulira m'banja losamukasamuka, nthawi zonse kufunafuna malo achonde, amakhala m'mahema. Muammar mwiniwake wakhala akutsindika za chiyambi chake cha Bedouin, akudzidalira kuti a Bedouins anali ndi ufulu komanso ogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.

Ali mwana, wandale wamtsogolo adathandizira abambo ake kudyetsa ziweto, pomwe alongo ake amathandizira amayi ake kuyang'anira nyumbayo. Gaddafi adasintha masukulu kangapo, popeza banja lake limayenera kukhala moyo wosamukasamuka.

Pambuyo pamaphunziro, mnyamatayo adapita kukagona ku mzikiti, kotero makolo sakanatha kubwereka nyumba ya mwana wawo wamwamuna. Abambo a Muammar adakumbukira kuti kumapeto kwa sabata, mwana wawo wamwamuna amabwerera kwawo, akuyenda pafupifupi 30 km.

Banja la a Gaddafi limanga mahema pafupifupi 20 km kuchokera kunyanja. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti muubwana Muammar sanawonepo nyanjayo, ngakhale inali pafupi kwambiri. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti adakhala mwana yekhayo wa abambo ndi amayi ake omwe adaphunzira.

Kusintha

Ali wachinyamata, Gaddafi anali wokonda kwambiri zandale, chifukwa chake adachita nawo misonkhano ingapo. Pambuyo pake adalowa mgulu lachinsinsi lomwe linali ndi malingaliro odana ndi monarchist.

Kumapeto kwa 1961, bungweli lidachita msonkhano wotsutsana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa Syria ku United Arab Republic. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti Muammar adalankhula komaliza kwa ziwonetserozi. Izi zidamupangitsa kuti achotsedwe kusukulu.

Komabe, a Gaddafi achichepere, limodzi ndi anthu ena ofanana nawo, adapitilizabe kutenga nawo mbali pazandale zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi atsamunda motsutsana ndi Italy komanso kuthandizira kusintha kwa dziko loyandikana nalo la Algeria.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Muammar Gaddafi anali mtsogoleri komanso wolinganiza izi pothandizira kusintha kwa Algeria. Msonkhanowu udakhala wovuta kwambiri kwakuti posakhalitsa udakula kukhala chiwonetsero chotsutsana ndi amfumu. Pa ichi, mnyamatayo adamangidwa, pambuyo pake adathamangitsidwa kunja kwa mzindawo.

Zotsatira zake, Muammar adakakamizidwa kukaphunzira ku Misurata Lyceum, komwe adapambana maphunziro ake mu 1963. Pambuyo pake, adaphunzira ku koleji yankhondo, akumaliza maphunziro ake ngati lieutenant. M'zaka zotsatira, mnyamatayo adagwira ntchito yankhondo, mpaka adafika pa udindo wa kaputeni.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Gaddafi adaphunzitsidwa ku Great Britain, komwe amatsata miyambo yonse yachisilamu - sanamwe mowa komanso sanapite kumalo osangalatsa.

Kukonzekera kulanda boma lotchuka ku Libya ku 1969 kudayamba zaka zisanu m'mbuyomu. Muammar adakhazikitsa bungwe lotsutsa boma la OSOYUS (Free Officers Unionist Socialists). Atsogoleri a gululi adakonza mosamala dongosolo loti abwezere boma.

Pomaliza, pa Seputembara 1, 1969, a Gaddafi, pamodzi ndi gulu lalikulu lankhondo la anthu amalingaliro ofanana, adayamba kulanda ufumu mdzikolo. Opandukawo mwamsanga analanda malo onse ofunika. Nthawi yomweyo, omenyera ufulu wawo adaonetsetsa kuti misewu yonse yopita ku US idatsekedwa.

Zochitika zonse zomwe zimachitika m'bomalo zidafalikira mlengalenga. Zotsatira zake, kusinthaku kudachita bwino, chifukwa chake ufumuwo udagonjetsedwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, boma lidalandira dzina latsopano - Republic of Libyan Arab.

Patadutsa sabata limodzi chigamulochi chitachitika, Muammar Gaddafi, wazaka 27 adapatsidwa udindo wa wamkulu komanso kukhala wamkulu wa asitikali mdzikolo. Paudindowu, adakhalabe mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake.

Bungwe Lolamulira

Pokhala mtsogoleri wa de facto ku Libya, Gaddafi adapereka mfundo zisanu zofunikira pamalamulo ake:

Kuthamangitsidwa kwa mabwalo onse akunja ochokera mdera la Libyan.
Mgwirizano wachiarabu.
Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse.
Kusalowerera ndale.
Letsani ntchito za zipani zandale.

Kuphatikiza apo, a Colonel Gaddafi adasintha zina zingapo zofunika, kuphatikiza kusintha kalendala. Tsopano, kuwerengera kudayamba kuyambira tsiku lomwe adamwalira Mneneri Muhammad. Mayina a miyezi asinthidwanso.

Malamulo onse adayamba kutsatira mfundo za Sharia. Chifukwa chake, boma lidakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kugulitsa zakumwa zoledzeretsa komanso kutchova juga.

Mu 1971, mabanki onse akunja ndi makampani amafuta adasankhidwa ku Libya. Nthawi yomweyo, kuyeretsa kwakukulu kwa otsutsa omwe amatsutsana ndi zisinthidwezo komanso boma lomwe likupezeka pano. Malingaliro aliwonse omwe anali osemphana ndi chiphunzitso cha Chisilamu anali oponderezedwa m'boma.

Chiyambireni kulamulira, Gaddafi waphatikiza malingaliro ake andale kukhala lingaliro lofotokozedwa mu ntchito yake yayikulu - "Green Book". Inapereka maziko a Chiphunzitso Chachitatu Chadziko Lonse. Mu gawo loyambirira, Jamahiriya idakhazikitsidwa - mawonekedwe amachitidwe azikhalidwe, osiyana ndi amfumu komanso republic.

Mu 1977, Jamahiriya adalengezedwa ngati boma latsopano. Pambuyo pa kusintha konse, mabungwe atsopano aboma adapangidwa: Komiti Yaikulu ya Anthu, alembi ndi maofesi. Muammar adasankhidwa kukhala mlembi wamkulu.

Ndipo ngakhale patapita zaka zingapo, Gaddafi adasiya ntchito yake kwa akatswiri, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo adatchedwa Mtsogoleri wa Revolution ya Libyan.

Mwamunayo analota kulumikiza Libya ndi maiko ena achiarabu, ndipo ngakhale anakhumudwitsa mayiko achi Muslim kuti amenyane ndi Great Britain ndi America. Adapereka thandizo lankhondo ku Uganda komanso adagwirizana ndi Iran pomenya nkhondo ndi Iraq.

Ndondomeko zanyumba ku Libya zasintha kwambiri. Poopa kusintha, a Gaddafi adaletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nsanja zotsutsa ndi ziwonetsero zilizonse. Nthawi yomweyo, atolankhani anali kuyang'aniridwa mosamala ndi boma.

Pakadali pano, Muammar adawonetsa kukhudzidwa kwakukulu ndi omwe amatsutsa. Pali nkhani yodziwika pomwe adafika pagudumu la bulldozer ndikuwononga zipata za ndende ndi dzanja lake, kumasula andende pafupifupi 400. Kwazaka zambiri za mbiri yake yandale, Gaddafi wafika pachimake pantchito yake:

Kulimbana ndi kusaphunzira - malaibulale 220 ndi pafupifupi masukulu makumi asanu a maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe adamangidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiwonjezeko chiwerengero cha nzika zophunzira kuwerenga kawiri.
Ntchito yomanga malo azamasewera.
Ntchito yomanga ndi kupereka nyumba kwa nzika wamba, chifukwa 80% ya anthu adatha kupeza nyumba zamakono.
Ntchito yayikulu "Mtsinje Waukulu Wopangidwa Ndi Munthu", womwe umadziwikanso kuti "Chodabwitsa Chachisanu ndi Chitatu Padziko Lonse Lapansi". Pipi yayikulu idayikidwa kuti ipatse madzi zigawo za m'chipululu cha Libya.

Komabe malingaliro a Muammar adatsutsidwa ndi ambiri. Pansi paulamuliro wake, dzikolo lidakumana ndi nkhondo yaku Chad, kuphulitsidwa kwa ndege ndi US Air Force, pomwe mwana wamkazi wa Gaddafi adamwalira, zilango za UN, chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa ndege, ndi mavuto ena ambiri. Komabe, tsoka lalikulu kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri aku Libyria linali kuphedwa kwa mtsogoleri wawo.

Moyo waumwini

Mkazi woyamba wa Gaddafi anali mphunzitsi pasukulu komanso mwana wamkazi wa wapolisi, yemwe adamuberekera mwana wamwamuna, Muhammad. Patapita nthawi, banjali linaganiza zothetsa banja. Pambuyo pake, mwamunayo adakwatirana ndi Safiya Farkash.

Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi ndi mwana wamkazi mmodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, adalera mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Pazaka zambiri za mbiri yake, Muammar adalemba nkhani zingapo, kuphatikiza "City", "Flight to Hell", "Earth" ndi ena.

Imfa

Asanafe momvetsa chisoni a Gaddafi, moyo wake kuyambira nthawi ya 1975-1998 adayesedwa kangapo kasanu ndi kawiri. Chakumapeto kwa 2010, nkhondo yapachiweniweni idayamba ku Libya. Anthuwo amafuna kuti atsamunda atule pansi udindo, ndikupita m'misewu ndi ziwonetsero.

M'mawa wa Okutobala 20, 2011, magulu ankhondo anaukira mzinda wa Sirte, komwe analanda Muammar. Anthu adazungulira munthu wovulalayo, ndikuyamba kuwombera m'mwamba ndikuwongolera mfuti yamakampu pamndendeyo. A Gaddafi adapempha zigawengazo kuti zibwerere mumtima, koma palibe amene adalabadira mawu ake.

Muammar Gaddafi adamwalira pa Okutobala 20, 2011 chifukwa chazipolowe zamtundu wakomweko. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, anali ndi zaka 69. Kuphatikiza pa mtsogoleri wakale waboma, m'modzi mwa ana ake amuna adamangidwa, ndikuphedwa mosadziwika bwino.

Matupi a onsewa adayikidwa m'mafiriji ndikuwonekera pagulu la misurata. Tsiku lotsatira, amunawa adayikidwa mwachinsinsi m'chipululu cha Libya. Umu ndi momwe ulamuliro wazaka 42 wa Gaddafi unathera.