Nkhondo za Punic - Nkhondo zitatu pakati pa Roma Wakale ndi Carthage ("Punami", ndiye kuti Afoinike), zomwe zidapitilira mosiyanasiyana mu 264-146 BC. Roma idapambana nkhondo, pomwe Carthage idawonongedwa.
Kulimbana pakati pa Roma ndi Carthage
Dziko la Roman Republic litakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kulanda chilumba chonse cha Apennine, sakanatha kuyang'ananso mwamtendere ulamuliro wa Carthage ku Western Mediterranean.
Italy idayesa kuletsa Sicily, pomwe kulimbana pakati pa Agiriki ndi a Carthagini kunachitika kwa nthawi yayitali, kuti isalamuliridwe ndi otsirizawo. Kupanda kutero, Aroma sakanatha kuchita malonda otetezeka, komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wofunikira angapo.
Choyamba, aku Italiya anali ndi chidwi cholamulira Messana Strait. Mwayi wolanda khwalala posakhalitsa udadziwonetsera: omwe amatchedwa "Mamertines" adagwira Messana, ndipo Hieron II waku Syracuse atabwera kudzamenyana nawo, a Mamertines adatembenukira ku Roma kuti akawathandize, omwe adawavomereza ku chitaganya chake.
Izi ndi zifukwa zina zidayambitsa nkhondo yoyamba ya Punic (264-241 BC). Tiyenera kudziwa kuti malinga ndi mphamvu zawo, Roma ndi Carthage anali mofanana.
Mbali yofooka ya a Carthaginians inali kuti gulu lawo lankhondo linali makamaka ndi asitikali olipidwa, koma izi zidalipidwa poti Carthage anali ndi ndalama zambiri ndipo anali ndi flotilla yolimba.
Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Punic
Nkhondoyo idayamba ku Sicily ndikuwukira kwa Carthaginian ku Messana, komwe kudaponderezedwa ndi Aroma. Pambuyo pake, aku Italiya adamenya nkhondo zingapo zabwino, kulanda mizinda yambiri yakomweko.
Kuti apitirize kupambana pa Carthaginians, Aroma adafunikira gulu labwino. Kuti achite izi, adachita chinyengo chimodzi. Anakwanitsa kupanga milatho yokwera sitima zapamadzi zokhala ndi ngowe zapadera zomwe zinkathandiza kuti azikwera sitima ya adani.
Zotsatira zake, kudzera pamilatho ngati imeneyi, gulu lankhondo lachi Roma, lodziwika bwino chifukwa chakukonzekera nkhondo, mwachangu adakwera zombo zaku Carthagine ndikulimbana ndi mdani. Ngakhale kuti aku Italiya adalephera poyamba, njira imeneyi idawabweretsera zipambano zambiri.
M'chaka cha 256 BC. e. Asitikali aku Roma motsogozedwa ndi Marcus Regulus ndi Lucius Long adafika ku Africa. Iwo adayamba kuwongolera zinthu zingapo mwanzeru kotero kuti Senate idasankha kusiya theka la asitikaliwo ku Regula.
Chisankhochi chidaphetsa Aroma. Regulus anagonjetsedwa kwathunthu ndi a Carthaginians ndikugwidwa, komwe adamwalira pambuyo pake. Komabe, ku Sicily, aku Italiya anali ndi mwayi waukulu. Tsiku lililonse adagonjetsa madera ambiri, atapambana kupambana kwakukulu kuzilumba za Aegat, zomwe zidawononga zombo zankhondo 120 zaku Carthaginians.
Pamene Republic la Roma lidayamba kulamulira njira zonse zapanyanja, Carthage adavomera gulu lankhondo, momwe Carthaginian Sicily yonse ndi zilumba zina zidadutsa kwa Aroma. Kuphatikiza apo, mbali yomwe idagonjetsedwa idayenera kulipira Roma ndalama zambiri ngati chikumbutso.
Kuukira kwachifundo ku Carthage
Pambuyo pa kutha kwa mtendere, Carthage adachita nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi magulu ankhondo, omwe adatha zaka zoposa 3. Pazipandukizo, gulu lankhondo la Sardinia lidapita mbali ya Roma, chifukwa chomwe Aroma adalumikiza Sardinia ndi Corsica kuchokera ku Carthaginians.
Carthage ataganiza zobwezera madera awo, aku Italiya adaopseza kuti ayambitsa nkhondo. Popita nthawi, Hamilcar Barca, mtsogoleri wachipani cha Carthaginian Patriotic Party, yemwe adawona kuti nkhondo ndi Roma ndiyosapeweka, adalanda kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Spain, kuyesera kuti abwezeretse kuwonongeka kwa Sicily ndi Sardinia.
Gulu lankhondo lokonzekera nkhondo linapangidwa pano, lomwe linapangitsa mantha mu Ufumu wa Roma. Zotsatira zake, Aroma adalamula kuti anthu aku Carthaginians asawoloke Mtsinje wa Ebro, ndikupanganso mgwirizano ndi mizinda ina yaku Greece.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Punic
Mu 221 BC. Hasdrubal anamwalira, chifukwa chake Hannibal, m'modzi mwa adani odabwitsa kwambiri ku Roma, adalowa m'malo mwake. Pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zabwino, Hannibal anaukira mzinda wa Sagunt, wogwirizana ndi Italiya, ndipo anaulanda patadutsa miyezi 8.
Senate itakanidwa kuti ipereke Hannibal, Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Punic idalengezedwa (218 BC). Mtsogoleri waku Carthagine adakana kumenya nkhondo ku Spain ndi Africa, monga momwe Aroma amayembekezera.
M'malo mwake, Italy idadzakhala nkhondoyi, malinga ndi malingaliro a Hannibal. Mtsogoleriyo adadzipangira cholinga chofika ku Roma ndikuwononga mwa njira zonse. Pachifukwa ichi adadalira kuthandizidwa ndi mafuko achi Gallic.
Atasonkhanitsa gulu lalikulu lankhondo, Hannibal adapita kunkhondo yake yotchuka yolimbana ndi Roma. Anadutsa bwino Pyrenees ali ndi oyenda pansi okwana 50,000 komanso okwera pamahatchi 9,000. Kuphatikiza apo, anali ndi njovu zankhondo zambiri, zomwe zinali zovuta kupirira zovuta zonse za kampeni.
Kenako, Hannibal anafika ku Alps, kudzera momwe ndimeyi inali yovuta kwambiri. Pakusintha, adataya pafupifupi theka la omenyerawo. Pambuyo pake, gulu lake lankhondo lidakumana ndi kampeni yovuta chimodzimodzi kudzera mwa Apennines. Komabe, a Carthaginians adakwanitsa kupita patsogolo ndikupambana nkhondo ndi aku Italiya.
Ndipo komabe, akuyandikira Roma, wamkuluyo adazindikira kuti sangatenge mzindawo. Izi zidakwezedwa ndikuti ogwirizanawo adakhalabe okhulupirika ku Roma, osafuna kupita kumbali ya Hannibal.
Zotsatira zake, a Carthaginians adapita kummawa, komwe adawononga kwambiri madera akumwera. Aroma adapewa nkhondo zotseguka ndi gulu lankhondo la Hannibal. M'malo mwake, amayembekeza kuthana ndi mdaniyo, yemwe amasowa chakudya tsiku lililonse.
Atatha kuzizira pafupi ndi Geronius, Hannibal anasamukira ku Apulia, komwe kunachitikira nkhondo yotchuka ya Cannes. Pankhondoyi, Aroma adagonjetsedwa koopsa, nataya asitikali ambiri. Pambuyo pake, Syracuse ndi ambiri akumwera aku Roma aku Italy adalonjeza kulowa nawo kazembeyo.
Italy idalephera kuwongolera mzinda wofunikira wa Capua. Ndipo, zowonjezera zofunikira sizinabwere kwa Hannibal. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Aroma ayambe pang'onopang'ono kuchitapo kanthu m'manja mwawo. Mu 212, Roma idalanda Sirakusa, ndipo patatha zaka zingapo, Sicily yonse inali m'manja mwa Ataliyana.
Pambuyo pake, atazingidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, Hannibal adakakamizidwa kuchoka ku Capua, zomwe zidalimbikitsa kwambiri ogwirizana ku Roma. Ndipo ngakhale a Carthaginians nthawi ndi nthawi amapambana mdani, mphamvu zawo zimatha tsiku lililonse.
Patapita nthawi, Aroma adalanda Spain yense, pambuyo pake zotsalira za gulu lankhondo laku Carthagine zidasamukira ku Italy; mzinda womaliza wa Carthagine, Hade, anagonjera ku Roma.
Hannibal adazindikira kuti sangayese kupambana nkhondoyi. Othandizira mtendere ku Carthage adakambirana ndi Roma, zomwe sizinaphule kanthu. Akuluakulu aku Carthagine adayitanitsa Hannibal ku Africa. Nkhondo yotsatira ya Zama idasowetsa anthu aku Carthaginians chiyembekezo chawo chomaliza chopambana ndipo zidatsogolera kumapeto kwa mtendere.
Roma idalamula Carthage kuti iwononge zombo zankhondo, adasiya zilumba zina m'nyanja ya Mediterranean, osachita nkhondo kunja kwa Africa, komanso kuti asamenye nkhondo ku Africa komweko popanda chilolezo cha Roma. Kuphatikiza apo, mbali yomwe idagonja imayenera kupereka ndalama zochuluka kwa wopambana.
Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Punic
Nkhondo yachiwiri ya Punic itatha, mphamvu ya Ufumu wa Roma idakulirakulira. Komanso, Carthage idayamba bwino kwambiri pachuma, chifukwa cha malonda akunja. Pakadali pano, chipani chachikulu chidawonekera ku Roma, chofuna kuwonongedwa kwa Carthage.
Sizinali zovuta kupeza chifukwa choyambira nkhondo. Mfumu ya Numidian Masinissa, akumva kuthandizidwa ndi Aroma, adachita zankhanza kwambiri ndipo adafuna kulanda gawo la mayiko aku Carthaginian. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale nkhondo, ndipo ngakhale a Carthaginians adagonjetsedwa, boma la Roma lidawona zomwe akuchita ngati kuphwanya mfundo za panganolo ndikulengeza nkhondo.
Chifukwa chake Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Punic idayamba (zaka 149-146. Carthage sanafune nkhondo ndipo anavomera kusangalatsa Aroma munjira iliyonse, koma adachita mosakhulupirika kwambiri: adapereka zofunikira zina, ndipo pomwe a Carthaginians adazikwaniritsa, adakhazikitsa zikhalidwe zatsopano.
Zinafika poti anthu aku Italiya adalamula anthu aku Carthaginians kuti achoke kwawo ndikukakhala kudera lina kutali ndi nyanja. Uwu unali udzu womaliza wopirira kwa a Carthaginians, omwe adakana kutsatira lamuloli.
Chotsatira chake, Aroma anayamba kuzungulira mzindawo, omwe anthu ake anayamba kupanga zombo ndi kulimbitsa makoma. Hasdrubal adatenga lamulo lalikulu pa iwo. Anthu okhala mozunguliridwa adayamba kusowa chakudya, chifukwa adatengeredwa mphete.
Pambuyo pake izi zidapangitsa kuti okhalamo athawire kudziko lina ku Carthage. M'chaka cha 146 BC. Asitikali aku Roma adalowa mzindawo, womwe udayang'aniridwa patadutsa masiku 7. Aroma adalanda Carthage kenako ndikuyiyatsa moto. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adawaza pansi mzindawu ndi mchere kuti pasapezenso wina womerapo.
Zotsatira
Kuwonongedwa kwa Carthage kunalola Roma kukulitsa ulamuliro wawo kudera lonse la Mediterranean. Lakhala lalikulu kwambiri ku Mediterranean, lomwe lili ndi madera akumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Spain.
Madera omwe analandidwa adasandulika zigawo za Roma. Kuyenda kwa siliva kochokera kumizinda yomwe idawonongedwa kunathandizira kuti chuma chikhale bwino ndipo potero Roma adakhala wamphamvu kwambiri padziko lakale.
Zithunzi za Nkhondo za Punic
