Jan Hus

Jan Hus (nee Jan iz Gusinets; 1369-1415) - Mlaliki waku Czech, wazamulungu, woganiza komanso wazamaganizidwe a Czech Reformation. Ngwazi yadziko ya anthu aku Czech.

Kuphunzitsa kwake kunakhudza kwambiri mayiko a Western Europe. Chifukwa cha zomwe amakhulupirira, adawotchedwa pamodzi ndi ntchito zake pamtengo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti a Hussite Wars (1419-1434).

Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Jan Hus, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Gus.

Mbiri ya Jan Hus

Jan Hus adabadwa mu 1369 (malinga ndi magwero ena 1373-1375) mumzinda wa Bohemian wa Husinets (Ufumu wa Roma). Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja losauka la anthu osauka.

Jan ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 10, makolo ake adamutumiza kunyumba ya amonke. Anali mwana wofunitsitsa kudziwa, chifukwa cha izi amalandila malikisi m'maphunziro onse. Pambuyo pake, mnyamatayo anapita ku Prague kuti akapitirize maphunziro ake.

Atafika mu umodzi mwamizinda ikuluikulu ku Bohemia, Hus anakhoza bwino mayeso ku Yunivesite ya Prague. Malinga ndi aphunzitsiwo, adadziwika ndi machitidwe abwino komanso chidwi chofuna kudziwa zatsopano. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1390, adalandira BA yake mu Theology.

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Jan Hus adakhala katswiri wazaluso, zomwe zidamupatsa mwayi wophunzitsa pamaso pa anthu. Mu 1400 adakhala mbusa, pambuyo pake adayamba ntchito yolalikira. Popita nthawi, anapatsidwa udindo wa dean wa zaluso.

Mu 1402-03 ndi 1409-10, Huss adasankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira University yaku Prague.

Ntchito yolalikira

Jan Hus anayamba kulalikira ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 30. Poyamba, adalankhula mu Church of St. Michael, kenako adakhala woyang'anira komanso mlaliki wa Bethlehem Chapel. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mpaka anthu 3000 adabwera kudzamvera wansembeyo!

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mu maulaliki ake samangolankhula za Mulungu komanso malonjezo ake, komanso adatsutsa oimira atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi alimi akulu.

Nthawi yomweyo, podzudzula zomwe tchalitchichi lidachita, adadzitcha wotsatira wake, ndikuwulula machimo amtchalitchimo ndikuulula zoyipa za anthu.

Kalelo pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1380, ntchito za katswiri wazachipembedzo waku England komanso wosintha zinthu John Wycliffe zidatchuka ku Czech Republic. Mwa njira, Wycliffe anali womasulira woyamba wa Baibulo mu Middle English. Pambuyo pake, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinkanena kuti zolemba zake ndi zabodza.

Mu maulaliki ake, Jan Hus anafotokoza malingaliro omwe anali osemphana ndi mfundo zamalamulo apapa. Makamaka, adatsutsa ndikupempha izi:

Ndizosavomerezeka kulipiritsa poyang'anira malamulo ndikugulitsa maofesi ampingo. Ndikokwanira kuti m'busa azilipiritsa chindapusa chochepa kuchokera kwa anthu olemera kuti adzipezere chofunikira kwambiri.
Simungamvere tchalitchi mwakachetechete, koma, m'malo mwake, munthu aliyense ayenera kulingalira pazosiyana, pogwiritsa ntchito upangiri waku Chipangano Chatsopano: "Ngati wakhungu atsogolera wakhungu, ndiye kuti onse awiri adzagwa m'mbuna."
Ulamuliro wosasunga malamulo a Mulungu usazindikiridwe ndi Iye.
Anthu okha ndi omwe angakhale ndi katundu. Wolemera wopanda chilungamo ndiye wakuba.
Mkhristu aliyense ayenera kufunafuna chowonadi, ngakhale pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi moyo wabwino, mtendere ndi moyo.

Pofuna kupereka malingaliro ake kwa omvera momwe angathere, Huss adalamula kujambula pamakoma a tchalitchi cha Betelehemu ndi zithunzi zokhala ndi maphunziro. Adapanganso nyimbo zingapo zomwe zidatchuka mwachangu.

Jan adakonzanso galamala yaku Czech, ndikupangitsa kuti mabukuwo amveke ngakhale kwa anthu osaphunzira. Ndi amene anali mlembi wamaganizidwe akuti liwu lililonse la mawu limasankhidwa ndi kalata yodziwika. Kuphatikiza apo, adayambitsanso mawu (omwe amalembedwa pamakalata).

Mu 1409, ku University of Prague, anakambirana za chiphunzitso cha Wycliffe. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Bishopu Wamkulu wa Prague, monga Hus, adathandizira malingaliro a wokonzanso ku England. Pokambirana, Yang ananena poyera kuti zambiri mwazimene anaphunzitsa Wycliffe sizinamvetsedwe.

Chitsutso chachikulu chochokera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo chinakakamiza bishopu wamkuluyo kusiya kuchirikiza kwa Hus. Posakhalitsa, mwalamulo la Akatolika, abwenzi ena a Jan adamangidwa ndikuwatsutsa kuti ndi ampatuko, omwe, atapanikizika, adaganiza zosiya malingaliro awo.

Pambuyo pake, wotsutsa Alexander V adapereka ng'ombe yolimbana ndi Huss, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti maulaliki ake aletsedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, ntchito zonse zokayika za Jan zidawonongedwa. Komabe, akuluakulu aboma adamuwonetsa.

Ngakhale anali kuponderezedwa kwambiri, Jan Hus anali kutchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu wamba. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pomwe adaletsedwa kuwerenga maulaliki m'matchalitchi ena, adakana kumvera, ndikupempha kwa Yesu Khristu mwini.

Mu 1411, Bishopu Wamkulu wa Prague Zbinek Zajic adamutcha Hus wachinyengo. Mfumu Wenceslas IV, yemwe anali wokhulupirika kwa mlalikiyo, atazindikira izi, adatcha mawu a Zayits osinjirira ndikulamula kuti alande chuma cha atsogoleri achipembedzo omwe amafalitsa "zabodzazi".

Jan Hus adadzudzula mwamphamvu kugulitsa zikhululukiro, pogula zomwe munthu akuti adadzimasula ku machimo ake. Anatsutsanso lingaliro la atsogoleri achipembedzo akukweza lupanga kwa omwe amawatsutsa.

Tchalitchicho chinayamba kuzunza Hus kwambiri, pachifukwa chake anakakamizika kuthawira ku South Bohemia, komwe ambuye akumaloko sanamvere malamulo a papa.

Apa adapitilizabe kudzudzula komanso kudzudzula akuluakulu achipembedzo komanso akudziko. Mwamunayo anati Baibulo ndilo liyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zonse kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi mabungwe amatchalitchi.

Kudzudzula ndi kuphedwa

Mu 1414, a Jan Hus adaitanidwa ku Cathedral of Constance ndi cholinga choletsa Great Western Schism, yomwe idapangitsa Utatu-Apapa. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mfumu yaku Germany Sigismund yaku Luxembourg idatsimikizira chitetezo chokwanira ku Czech.

Komabe, Jan atafika ku Constance ndikulandira kalata yachitetezo, zidapezeka kuti mfumu idamupatsa kalata yanthawi zonse yoyendera. Papa ndi mamembala am'bungweli adamuimba mlandu wachiphamaso ndikukonzekera kuthamangitsidwa kwa Ajeremani ku Yunivesite ya Prague.

Kenako Gus adamangidwa ndikuikidwa mchipinda chimodzi chachifumu. Ochirikiza olalikira omwe adapezeka olakwawo adadzudzula Khonsolo kuti ikuphwanya lamulo komanso lumbiro lachifumu lachitetezo cha Jan, pomwe apapa adayankha kuti sanalonjeze chilichonse kwa aliyense. Ndipo atakumbutsa Sigismund za izi, sanateteze wamndendeyo.

Chapakatikati pa 1415, abwana a Moravia, a Seimas a ku Bohemia ndi a Moravia, ndipo pambuyo pake akuluakulu achi Czech ndi aku Poland adatumiza chikalata ku Sigismund kuti Jan Hus amasulidwe, ndi ufulu wolankhula ku Khonsolo.

Zotsatira zake, mfumu idakonza zokambirana za mlandu wa Hus ku tchalitchi chachikulu, chomwe chidachitika masiku 4. Jan adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, pambuyo pake Sigismund ndi ma archbishopu mobwerezabwereza adalimbikitsa Hus kuti akane malingaliro ake, koma adakana.

Pamapeto pa mlanduwo, oweruzidwanso anapempha Yesu. Pa Julayi 6, 1415, Jan Hus adawotchedwa pamtengo. Pali nthano yoti mayi wachikulireyo, chifukwa chodzipereka, adadzala nkhuni pamoto wake, akuti adati: "O, kuphweka kopatulika!"

Kumwalira kwa mlaliki waku Czech kudapangitsa kuti gulu la a Hussite likhazikitsidwe ku Czech Republic ndipo ndichimodzi mwazifukwa zoyambitsa nkhondo za a Hussite, pakati pa omutsatira (Hussites) ndi Akatolika. Kuyambira lero, Tchalitchi cha Katolika sichimukonzanso Hus.

Ngakhale izi, a Jan Hus ndi ngwazi yakunyumba kwawo. Mu 1918, Mpingo wa Hussite waku Czechoslovakian unakhazikitsidwa, omwe mamembala ake tsopano ndi anthu 100,000.