Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (1877-1926) - Wosintha waku Russia wochokera ku Poland, wandale waku Soviet, mtsogoleri wa akazembe angapo, woyambitsa ndi wamkulu wa Cheka.
Anali ndi mayina Iron Felix, "Woweruza Wofiira" ndi FD, komanso maina abodza apansi panthaka: Jacek, Jakub, Bookbinder, Franek, Astronomer, Jozef, Domansky.
Mu mbiri ya Dzerzhinsky, pali zambiri zosangalatsa, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Felix Dzerzhinsky.
Wambiri Dzerzhinsky
Felix Dzerzhinsky adabadwa pa Ogasiti 30 (Seputembara 11), 1877 m'banja la Dzerzhinovo, lomwe lili m'chigawo cha Vilna (tsopano dera la Minsk ku Belarus).
Iye anakulira m'banja lolemera la olemekezeka ku Poland Edmund-Rufin Iosifovich ndi mkazi wake Helena Ignatievna. Banja la Dzerzhinsky linali ndi ana 9, m'modzi mwa iwo adamwalira ali wakhanda.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Mutu wa banja anali mwini munda Dzerzhinovo. Kwa kanthawi anaphunzitsa masamu ku malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Taganrog. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pakati pa ophunzira ake panali wolemba wotchuka Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
Makolowo adatcha mwanayo Felix, kutanthauza "wokondwa" m'Chilatini, pazifukwa zina.
Izi zidachitika kuti usiku woti kubadwa kwawo, Helena Ignatievna agwere m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, koma adakwanitsa kupulumuka ndikubereka mwana wamwamuna wathanzi asanakwane.
Pamene wosintha wamtsogolo anali wazaka pafupifupi 5, abambo ake adamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Zotsatira zake, amayi adayenera kulera okha ana asanu ndi atatu.
Ali mwana, Dzerzhinsky ankafuna kukhala wansembe - wansembe wa Katolika, chifukwa chake adakonzekera kulowa seminare ya zaumulungu.
Koma maloto ake sanakwaniritsidwe. Ali ndi zaka 10, adakhala wophunzira kusukulu yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, komwe adaphunzira zaka 8.
Osadziwa Chirasha, Felix Dzerzhinsky adatha zaka 2 ali kalasi 1 ndipo kumapeto kwa giredi 8 adatulutsidwa ndi satifiketi.
Komabe, chifukwa chakusachita bwino sikunali kokhoza kwamaganizidwe ambiri kusiyana ndi mikangano ndi aphunzitsi. M'chaka chomaliza cha maphunziro ake, adalowa nawo bungwe la Lithuanian Social Democratic.
Ntchito yosintha
Potengera malingaliro a demokalase, Dzerzhinsky wazaka 18 adaphunzira pawokha za Marxism. Zotsatira zake, adakhala wokopa anthu wokonda kusintha zinthu.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, mnyamatayo adamangidwa ndikuponyedwa m'ndende, komwe adakhala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Mu 1898 Felix adatengedwa ukapolo kupita kudera la Vyatka. Apa anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi apolisi nthawi zonse. Komabe, ngakhale pano adapitilizabe kufalitsa nkhani, chifukwa chake wopanduka uja adatengedwa kupita kumudzi wa Kai.
Ndikugwira ntchito yake yatsopano m'malo atsopano, Dzerzhinsky adayamba kuganizira zopulumukira. Zotsatira zake, adatha kuthawira ku Lithuania, ndipo kenako ku Poland. Panthawiyi mu mbiri yake, anali kale katswiri wodziwa kusintha, wokhoza kutsutsa malingaliro ake ndikuwapereka kwa anthu wamba.
Atafika ku Warsaw, Felix adadziwana bwino ndi malingaliro a Russian Social Democratic Party, yomwe amaikonda. Posakhalitsa amumanganso. Atatha zaka ziwiri mndende, amva kuti apita naye ku Siberia.
Panjira yopita kumalo okhalamo, Dzerzhinsky adakhalanso ndi mwayi wopulumuka bwino. Ali kunja, adatha kuwerenga nkhani zingapo mu nyuzipepala ya Iskra, yomwe idasindikizidwa mothandizidwa ndi Vladimir Lenin. Zomwe zimaperekedwa munyuzipepala zidamuthandizanso kuti alimbikitse malingaliro ake ndikupanga zochitika zosintha.
Mu 1906, chochitika chachikulu chidachitika mu mbiri ya Felix Dzerzhinsky. Anachita mwayi wokumana ndi Lenin. Msonkhano wawo unachitikira ku Sweden. Pasanapite nthawi anavomerezedwa kuti akhale m'gulu la RSDLP, monga nthumwi ya Poland ndi Lithuania.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mpaka 1917, Dzerzhinsky anatumizidwa kundende maulendo 11, omwe ankatsatiridwa nthawi zonse ndi ukapolo. Komabe, nthawi iliyonse amakwanitsa kuthawa bwino ndikupitilizabe kuchita zosintha.
Mbiri yakale ya February Revolution ya 1917 idalola Felikisi kuti afike pamwamba pazandale. Anakhala membala wa komiti ya Moscow ya a Bolsheviks, pomwe adayitanitsa anthu amalingaliro ena kuti agaluke.
Lenin adasilira chidwi cha Dzerzhinsky, ndikumupatsa malo mu Military Revolutionary Center. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Felix akhale m'modzi mwa omwe akutsogolera kusintha kwa Okutobala. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti Felix anathandiza Leon Trotsky pakupanga Red Army.
Mutu wa Cheka
Kumapeto kwa 1917, a Bolsheviks adaganiza zopeza Commission Yaikulu Yaku Russia Yolimbana ndi Kupikisana. Cheka anali chiwalo cha "olamulira mwankhanza a proletariat", omwe adalimbana ndi otsutsana ndi boma lomwe lilipo.
Poyambirira, komitiyi inali ndi "Chekists" 23 motsogozedwa ndi Felix Dzerzhinsky. Adakumana ndi ntchito yolimbana ndi omwe amatsutsana nawo, komanso kuteteza zofuna za ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba.
Potsogolera Cheka, mwamunayo sanangothana ndi ntchito zake zachindunji, komanso adachita zambiri kuti alimbikitse mphamvu yomwe yangopangidwa kumene. Motsogozedwa ndi iye, milatho yopitilira 2000, pafupifupi ma 2500 sitima zapamtunda ndi njanji mpaka 10,000 km zidabwezeretsedwa.
Nthawi yomweyo, Dzerzhinsky adayang'anira momwe zinthu ziliri ku Siberia, yomwe panthawi ya 1919 inali dera lodzala tirigu kwambiri. Anayamba kuyang'anira ntchito yogula chakudya, chifukwa matani 40 miliyoni a mkate ndi matani 3.5 miliyoni a nyama amaperekedwa kumizinda yosowa chakudya.
Komanso, Felix Edmundovich anali wodziwika bwino zikuluzikulu za mankhwala. Anathandizira madotolo kulimbana ndi typhus mdziko muno powapatsa mankhwala onse ofunikira nthawi zonse. Anayesetsanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ana akumisewu, kuwapanga kukhala anthu "abwino".
Dzerzhinsky adatsogolera komiti ya ana, yomwe idathandizira kumanga mazana a matauni ogwira ntchito ndi malo ogona. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nthawi zambiri malo oterewa amasinthidwa kuchokera nyumba zakumidzi kapena malo omwe adatengedwa kuchokera kwa olemera.
Mu 1922, akupitiliza kutsogolera Cheka, Felix Dzerzhinsky adatsogolera Main Political Directorate motsogozedwa ndi NKVD. Anali m'modzi mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo pakupanga New Economic Policy (NEP). Ndi kugonjera kwake, mabungwe ogwirira ntchito limodzi ndi mabungwe ang'onoang'ono adayamba kutseguka m'boma, zomwe zidayamba mothandizidwa ndi omwe amagulitsa ndalama zakunja.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Dzerzhinsky adakhala mutu wa Higher National Economy of Soviet Union. Pogwira ntchitoyi, adasintha zinthu zambiri, kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha malonda apadera, komanso kutenga nawo mbali pachitukuko cha mafakitale azitsulo m'boma.
"Iron Felix" adayitanitsa kusintha kwamachitidwe aku USSR, kuwopa kuti mtsogolomo dzikolo likhoza kutsogozedwa ndi wolamulira mwankhanza yemwe "angaike" zonse zomwe zakwaniritsidwa.
Zotsatira zake, "okhetsa magazi" Dzerzhinsky adalowa m'mbiri ngati wantchito wosatopa. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti sanali wokonda moyo wapamwamba, kudzikonda komanso phindu mwachinyengo. Anakumbukiridwa ndi anthu am'nthawi yake ngati munthu wosawonongeka komanso wokhazikika yemwe nthawi zonse amakwaniritsa cholinga chake.
Moyo waumwini
Chikondi choyamba cha Felix Edmundovich anali mtsikana wotchedwa Margarita Nikolaeva. Anakumana naye pa nthawi ya ukapolo m'chigawo cha Vyatka. Margarita anakopeka mnyamatayo ndi malingaliro ake osintha.
Komabe, ubale wawo sunabweretse ukwati. Atathawa, Dzerzhinsky adalemberana ndi mtsikanayo mpaka 1899, pambuyo pake adamupempha kuti asiye kulankhulana. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha chikondi chatsopano cha Felikisi - wosintha Julia Goldman.
Kukondana kumeneku sikunakhalitse, popeza Yulia adamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu mu 1904. Patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, Felix adakumana ndi mkazi wake wamtsogolo, Sofia Mushkat, yemwenso anali wosintha. Patatha miyezi ingapo, achinyamata adakwatirana, koma chisangalalo cha banja lawo sichinakhalitse.
Mkazi wa Dzerzhinsky adamangidwa ndikumutumiza kundende, komwe mu 1911 mwana wake Yan adabadwa. Chaka chotsatira, adatumizidwa ku ukapolo wosatha ku Siberia, komwe adatha kuthawira kunja ndi pasipoti yabodza.
Felix ndi Sophia adawonananso patatha zaka 6. Pambuyo pa Revolution ya Okutobala, banja la Dzerzhinsky lidakhazikika ku Kremlin, komwe banjali limakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo.
Imfa
Felix Dzerzhinsky anamwalira pa Julayi 20, 1926 ku gulu la Central Committee ali ndi zaka 48. Atatha kulankhula kwa maola awiri pomwe adadzudzula Georgy Pyatakov ndi Lev Kamenev, adamva chisoni. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali matenda a mtima.
Zithunzi za Dzerzhinsky
