Apolisi aku America ndiwotsutsana, monganso bungwe lililonse lazamalamulo padziko lapansi. Apolisi (amawatcha otero mwina chifukwa cha chidule cha Constable-On-the-Post, kapena chifukwa chachitsulo chomwe ma tokeni apolisi oyambilira amapangidwa, chifukwa mkuwa mu Chingerezi ndi "mkuwa") satenga ziphuphu. Mutha kuwafunsa mayendedwe kapena kupeza upangiri uliwonse malinga ndi kuthekera kwawo. Amatumikira ndi kuteteza, kumanga ndi kuzunza, amapita kumakhothi ndikupereka chindapusa m'misewu.
Nthawi yomweyo, apolisi ku United States ndi bungwe lotsekedwa pagulu, ngakhale kuyesetsa konseku kuti ntchito yawo ichitike poyera. Milandu yoyipa ya apolisi, yowululidwa ndi FBI kapena atolankhani osasangalatsa, imawonekera pafupipafupi m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Ndipo zikawonekera, zimapezeka kuti anthu ambiri amachita nawo apolisi. Ziphuphu zili m'makumi a mamiliyoni a madola. Pali anthu ambiri omwe akhudzidwa ndi mafia ovala yunifolomu yakuda. Koma zowonongekazo zimazimiririka, kanema wina wonena za vuto la ofufuza wamba amatuluka pazowonekera, ndipo munthu yemwe ali mu kapu akutuluka mgalimoto yoyera yabuluu amakhalanso chizindikiro cha lamulo ndi bata. Zili bwanji kwenikweni, apolisi aku America?
1. Zigawenga zitaukira pa Seputembara 11, 2001, United States idakhazikitsa malamulo angapo omwe amasintha mabungwe azamalamulo. Adayesa kuwasonkhanitsa pansi pa denga la department of Homeland Security osachepera pamlingo waboma. Sizinayende bwino - kupatula a IMB, "oyang'anira" oyang'anira malamulo amakhalabe m'maboma anayi: achitetezo, zachuma, chilungamo ndi dipositi. Kumunsi kwenikweni, zonse sizinasinthe: apolisi amzindawo / zigawo, apolisi aboma, mabungwe aboma. Nthawi yomweyo, palibe kugonjera kozungulira kwamatupi apolisi. Kuyanjana pamlingo wopingasa sikuyendetsedwa bwino, ndipo kuchoka kwa wachifwamba kubisala kudera lina kumathandiza, ngati sikuti kupewa udindo, kuchedwetsa nthawiyo. Chifukwa chake, apolisi aku America ndi magulu masauzande angapo, olumikizidwa kokha ndi matelefoni komanso nkhokwe wamba.
2. Malinga ndi department of Statistics yaku US, mdzikolo muli apolisi 807,000. Komabe, izi ndizosakwanira: patsamba la Dipatimenti Yomweyo Yachiwerengero, pagawo la "Ntchito zofananira", pali akatswiri azamilandu omwe, mwachitsanzo, ali m'gulu la Unduna wa Zam'kati ku Russia ndipo amawerengedwa pamodzi ndi oyang'anira olondera komanso akazembe. Onse pamodzi, anthu 894,871 akutumikira mu Unduna wa Zamkati ku Russia.
3. Malipiro apakati apolisi waku America ku 2017 anali $ 62,900 pachaka, kapena $ 30.17 pa ola limodzi. Mwa njira, apolisi amalipiridwa nthawi yowonjezera ndi koyefishienti ya 1.5, ndiye kuti, ola la nthawi yowonjezera ndiokwera mtengo kamodzi ndi theka. Wapolisi wa Los Angeles alandila $ 307,291 mu 2018, koma ku Los Angeles malipiro apolisi ndiokwera kwambiri kuposa aku US - osachepera $ 62,000. Chithunzi chomwecho ku New York - wapolisi wamba wazaka 5 wazopanga amapanga 100,000 pachaka.
4. Osabwereza zolakwika zomwe omasulira makanema amachita, omwe nthawi zambiri amawatcha apolisi kuti "officer". Udindo wawo ndi "ofisala", koma ndiwotsika kwambiri apolisi, ndipo sizikugwirizana ndi lingaliro laku Russia la "officer". Ndikolondola kunena "wapolisi" kapena kungoti "wapolisi". Ndipo apolisi ali ndi akapitawo ndi akazembe, koma palibe magawano omveka m'mabungwe azinsinsi komanso oyang'anira - chilichonse chimatsimikiza.
5. Zomwe zakhala zikuchitika zaka zaposachedwa: ngati asanalowe usirikali anali kuphatikiza polowa apolisi, zomwe apolisi amakumana nazo zikamayamikiridwa pakufunsira usirikali. M'mayiko ena, apolisi, ngakhale akuwopsezedwa kuti achotsedwa ntchito, amakana kugwira ntchito m'malo ovuta. Madipatimenti apolisi amayenera kukhazikitsa zina zapadera. "Kumenyana" kungakhale mpaka $ 10 pa ola limodzi.
6. Apolisi aku America, akamangidwa, amawerengetsa womangidwa ufulu wake (womwe umatchedwa Miranda Rule), ndipo muyezo womwewo umakhala ndi mawu opereka loya kwaulere. Lamuloli ndilopanda tanthauzo. Woyimira milandu amaperekedwa pokhapokha mlandu usanayambe. Pakufufuza koyamba, simungapeze thandizo la loya waulere. Ndipo a Miranda Rule adatchulidwa ndi wachifwamba yemwe loya wawo adakwanitsa kudula chigamulo chake mpaka zaka 30, ponena kuti kasitomala wake, asanayambe kulemba masamba khumi ndi awiri akuulula mosabisa, sanadziwitsidwe za ufulu wake. Miranda adatumikira zaka 9, adamasulidwa parole, ndipo patadutsa zaka 4 adaphedwa mu bar.
Ernesto Miranda
Tsopano womangidwa adzawerengedwa ufulu wake
7. Ku USA kulibe mbiri yathu yokhazikitsa mboni. Mabwalo amilandu amakhulupirira mawu a wapolisi, makamaka umboni walumbiro. Chilango chogona m'khothi ndi chachikulu kwambiri - mpaka zaka 5 m'ndende yaboma.
8. Pafupifupi, apolisi pafupifupi 50 tsopano amamwalira chifukwa chololedwa mwadala chaka chilichonse. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, pafupifupi apolisi 115 amafa chaka chilichonse. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuchepa kwa apolisi 100,000 (kuchuluka ku United States kukuwonjezeka mwachangu) - apolisi 7.3 omwe amaphedwa pachaka motsutsana ndi 24 m'ma 1980.
9. Koma apolisi eni ake amapha pafupipafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe ziwerengero zovomerezeka - dipatimenti iliyonse ya apolisi imadziyimira pawokha ndipo imapereka ziwerengero pofunsa utsogoleri. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa atolankhani, mzaka khumi zoyambirira za 21st, anthu pafupifupi 400 amwalira chaka chilichonse chifukwa chazipolowe zomwe apolisi adachita (osati kuwombera anthu aku America okha, komanso iwo omwe adamwalira ndi magetsi, chifukwa chazovuta zazaumoyo womangidwa, ndi zina zambiri) adaphedwa. Ndiye kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kunayamba, ndipo tsopano chaka omenyera malamulo ndi dongosolo amatumiza pafupifupi anthu chikwi kudziko lotsatira.
Manoko sakufunikanso ...
10. Wapolisi woyamba wakuda ku United States adawonekera koyambirira kwa zaka za 1960 ku Danville, Virginia. Kuphatikiza apo, kunalibe tsankho pakulemba anthu ntchito - osankhidwa akuda samangopititsa maphunziro (koma panali tsankho m'maphunziro). Tsopano gulu la apolisi ku New York limafanana ndi mafuko amzindawu: pafupifupi theka la apolisi ndi azungu, enawo ndi ochepa. Dipatimenti ya Apolisi ku Los Angeles idathandizira a Lethal Weapon, pomwe panali apolisi oyera ndi akuda akugwira ntchito awiriawiri.
11. Udindo wa wamkulu wa apolisi ku United States ndichandale basi. M'matawuni ang'onoang'ono, amatha kusankhidwa ndi universal suffrage, ngati meya kapena makhansala amzindawu. Koma nthawi zambiri amfumu amasankhidwa ndi meya. Nthawi zina ndivomerezedwa ndi khonsolo yamzindawu kapena nyumba yamalamulo yaboma, nthawi zina ndi lingaliro lokha.
12. Meya wapano wa New York, a Bill de Blasio, akulimbana ndi ziphuphu za apolisi m'njira yoyambirira. Apolisi amasintha luso lawo miyezi inayi iliyonse. Oyang'anira amakhala ofufuza, pomwe awo, m'malo mwake, amapita kukakonza misewu ndikumayendetsa galimoto ndi "chandelier". Meya sangakwanitse kutero - chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za Rudolph Giuliani, umbanda watsika kwambiri kotero kuti a Michael Bloomberg mosasamala adatumikira magawo awiri pampando wa meya, komanso kwa a Blasio, ena mwa chisomo ichi adatsalirabe. Chiwerengero cha zigawenga chikuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, koma mulingo woyambilira wa 1990, pomwe Giuliani adayamba nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi umbanda, ikadali kutali.
Bill de Blasio amadziwa zambiri za ntchito ya apolisi
13. Dongosolo lakumangidwa ndi ziwerengero zina zosangalatsa sizomwe zimapangidwa ndi apolisi aku Soviet kapena Russia. Mu 2015, wapolisi waku New York City a Edward Raymond anakana kukwaniritsa chikonzero cha kuchuluka kwa kumangidwa komwe oyang'anira ake adachita. Zinapezeka kuti chiwerengerochi chimafotokozedwera kwa woyang'anira aliyense, mosasamala kanthu komwe akugwira ntchito. Pa zolakwa zazing'ono, akuda okha ndi omwe amayenera kumangidwa. Adayesa kutseka mlanduwo, koma Raymond ndi wakuda, ndipo Commissioner wa apolisi ndi meya ndi oyera. Pakati pa zipolowe zamtunduwu, aboma adayenera kukhazikitsa komiti yofunsira, koma zotsatira za ntchito yake zidakalipobe.
14. Kufotokozera ndi mliri womwewo kwa anyamata omwe ali ndi zizindikilo zozungulira, komanso anzawo aku Russia. Pafupifupi, zimatenga maola 3-4 kuti apange ndende imodzi ya wolakwira wocheperako. Ngati nkhaniyi yafika pamlandu weniweni (ndipo pafupifupi 5% yamilandu imabwera), masiku amdima amabwera wapolisi.
15. Mtolo wolemera apolisi ndi waukulu kwambiri, chifukwa chake magalimoto onse okwera pamahatchi okhala ndi magetsi owala, odziwika bwino m'makanemawa, amayikidwa belu pokhapokha pakagwa "mwadzidzidzi". Mwachitsanzo, akugogoda pakhomo panu pakadali pano, ndi zina zambiri. Mukamayimba kuti china chake chinabedwa inu kulibe, olondera angapo adzafika pang'onopang'ono, mwina mwina lero.
16. Apolisi amapuma pantchito atagwira zaka 20, koma pafupifupi 70% ya apolisi samaliza ntchito. Amapita kukachita bizinesi, mabungwe achitetezo, asitikali kapena makampani azankhondo wamba. Koma ngati mwatumikira, mumalandira 80% ya malipiro.
17. Ku USA kuli bungwe loyang'anira olankhula Chirasha. Pali anthu pafupifupi 400. Zowona, si onse omwe amagwira ntchito kupolisi - Bungweli limalandiranso oyang'anira mabungwe ena oyang'anira zamalamulo $ 25 pachaka.
18. Apolisi amalandila magulu atsopano mwapadera pamagulu apadera. Apolisi wamba omwe akufuna kukwezedwa amadikirira ntchito, kulembetsa, kulemba mayeso ndikudikirira zotsatira limodzi ndi anthu ena ambiri. Ndipo simungathe kusamukira kumalo opanda kanthu a mutu wa gawo loyandikana nalo - panthawi yosamutsira, zonse zomwe mwapeza zatayika, muyenera kuyamba kuyambira pomwepo.
19. Oyang'anira zamalamulo aku America amaloledwa kupeza ndalama kumbali. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa apolisi ku hinterland. Ndalama zopezera apolisi sizikhala zovomerezeka mwanjira iliyonse - kuchuluka komwe boma limapereka, zochuluka zidzakhala. Ku Los Angeles komweko, bajeti ya dipatimenti yapolisi ili pansi pa $ 2 biliyoni. Ndipo ku Iowa wina, wamkulu wa dipatimentiyi azilandira 30,000 pachaka ndikukhala wokondwa kuti chilichonse ndichotsika mtengo kuno kuposa ku New York. M'madera akumidzi ku Florida (osati malo ogulitsira okha), wamkulu wapolisi atha kupereka mphotho kwa ofunsira ndi chikalata chovomerezeka chololeza kuponi ya $ 20 ku khofi wapafupi.
20. Mu 2016, wapolisi wakale John Dugan adathawira ku Russia kuchokera ku United States. Ali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha chilungamo, ngakhale ngati waku America. Pogwira ntchito ku malo opita ku milionea ku Palm Beach, adadzudzula apolisi onse omwe amamuzunza. Anachotsedwa ntchito mwachangu, ndipo gulu lotchuka la apolisi silinathandize. Sheriff Bradshaw adakhala mdani wake wa Dugan. Kafukufuku wazigawo za sheriff omwe amalandila ziphuphu kuchokera kwa andale komanso amalonda angawoneke ngati ovuta ngakhale mu kanema waku Hollywood. Mlanduwu udafufuzidwa osati ndi apolisi kapena FBI, koma ndi komiti yapadera ya nzika za Palm Beach komanso mabwana andale. Bradshaw anapezeka kuti alibe mlandu chifukwa chakuti, malinga ndi zomwe ananena, samadziwa zakusaloledwa kwa izi. Dugan sanakhazikike mtima pansi, ndipo adapanga tsamba lapadera, ndikulimbikitsa kuti amutumizire zowona zalamulo. Akudziwa zambiri kuchokera ku United States konse, ndipo ndi pomwe FBI idayamba kuchita chipwirikiti. Dugan adaimbidwa mlandu wobera komanso kugawira anthu zosavomerezeka. Wapolisi wakaleyo adapita ku Canada pa ndege yaboma ndipo adafika ku Moscow kudzera ku Istanbul. Adakhala waku America wachinayi kulandira chilolezo pandale kenako nzika zaku Russia.
