Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) - Wopanga komanso wochita bizinesi waku America yemwe adalandira zovomerezeka 1,093 ku America komanso pafupifupi 3,000 m'maiko ena padziko lapansi.
Wopanga galamafoni, adasintha ma telegraph, matelefoni, zida zamakanema, adapanga imodzi mwanjira zoyambirira zopititsa patsogolo malonda a nyali yamagetsi yamagetsi, yomwe idakonzanso njira zina.
Edison adalandira ulemu wapamwamba kwambiri ku US, Congressional Gold Medal. Membala wa US National Academy of Sciences komanso membala wakulemekezeka wakunja kwa USSR Academy of Science.
Mbiri ya Edison ili ndi zambiri zosangalatsa, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Thomas Edison.
Wambiri Edison a
Thomas Edison anabadwa pa February 11, 1847 m'tawuni yaku America ya Maylen (Ohio). Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja losauka lomwe linali ndi ndalama zochepa. Ndi makolo ake, Samuel Edison ndi Nancy Eliot, anali womaliza m'banja la ana 7.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ali mwana, Edison anali wamfupi kuposa anzawo, komanso analibe thanzi labwino. Atadwala malungo ofiira ofiira, adagontha khutu lake lakumanzere. Abambo ndi amayi amamusamalira, chifukwa anali atamwalira awiri (malinga ndi magwero ena, atatu) ana.
Thomas anali ndi chidwi makamaka kuyambira ali mwana. Anayang'anira sitima zapamadzi ndi akalipentala padoko. Komanso, mnyamatayo amatha kubisala kwanthawi yayitali m'malo obisika, ndikulembanso zolemba zina.
Komabe, pamene Edison amapita kusukulu, amamuona ngati wophunzira woyipitsitsa. Aphunzitsi amalankhula za iye ngati mwana "wochepa". Izi zidapangitsa kuti patatha miyezi itatu, makolo adakakamizidwa kutenga mwana wawo wamwamuna ku sukulu.
Pambuyo pake, amayi ake adayamba kupatsa Thomas maphunziro a pulayimale. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti adathandizira amayi ake kugulitsa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba kumsika.
Edison zambiri kupita ku laibulale, kuwerenga zosiyanasiyana sayansi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pomwe mwana anali wazaka 9 zokha, adakwanitsa kudziwa bukuli - "Natural and Experimental Philosophy", lomwe linali ndi chidziwitso chonse cha sayansi komanso ukadaulo wa nthawi imeneyo.
N'zosadabwitsa kuti m'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, Thomas Edison adachita pafupifupi zoyesera zonse zomwe zatchulidwa m'bukuli. Monga ulamuliro, iye ankakonda kuyesera mankhwala, amene amafuna ndalama zina ndalama.
Pamene Edison anali pafupi zaka 12, anayamba kugulitsa manyuzipepala pa siteshoni ya sitima. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti m'kupita kwanthawi mnyamatayo adaloledwa kuchita zoyeserera zake mgalimoto yonyamula sitima.
Patapita nthawi, Thomas akukhala wofalitsa wa nyuzipepala yoyamba ya sitima. Nthawi yomweyo, amayamba kutenga nawo mbali zamagetsi. M'chilimwe cha 1862, amatha kupulumutsa mwana wamwamuna wa siteshoni pasitima yoyenda, yemwe moyamikira adavomera kuti amuphunzitse bizinesi yapa telegraph.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti Edison adakwanitsa kukonzekera mzere wake woyamba wa telegraph, womwe umalumikiza nyumba yake ndi ya mnzake. Posakhalitsa moto udabuka m'galimoto yonyamula katundu pomwe adachita zoyeserera zake. Zotsatira zake, kondakitala adathamangitsa katswiri wamagetsi uja m'sitimayo limodzi ndi labotale yake.
Ali wachinyamata, a Thomas Edison adakwanitsa kuyendera mizinda yambiri yaku America, kuyesa kukonza moyo wawo. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, nthawi zambiri anali osowa zakudya m'thupi, chifukwa ndalama zake zambiri amawononga pogula mabuku ndikupanga zoyeserera.
Zopanga
Chinsinsi cha kupambana kwa wopanga kumeneku chitha kufotokozedwa m'mawu olembedwa ndi Edison mwiniyo: "Genius ndi kudzoza kwa 1% ndipo thukuta 99%." Thomas anali wokonda kugwira ntchito molimbika, amathera nthawi yake yonse m'malabu.
Chifukwa cha khama lake komanso khama lake kuti akwaniritse cholinga ichi, a Thomas adakwanitsa kupeza ma patenti 1,093 ku United States komanso ma patenti ochulukirapo katatu m'maiko ena. Kupambana kwake koyamba kudabwera akugwira ntchito ku Gold & Stock Telegraph Company.
Edison analembedwa ganyu chifukwa chakuti anali wokhoza kukonza zida za telegraph, zomwe sizinali zotheka kwa amisiri aluso. Mu 1870 kampaniyo idagula mosangalala kwa mnyamatayo njira yabwinobwino yolembera mafoni masheya pamitengo yagolide ndi masheya.
Malipiro omwe analandila anali okwanira kuti Thomas atsegule malo ake opangira ma tickers posinthana. Chaka chotsatira, adakhala ndi malo atatu ofanana.
M'zaka zotsatira, mbiri ya Edison inapita bwino kwambiri. Adapanga Papa, Edison & Co. Mu 1873, bambo wina adapanga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri - telegraph ya njira zinayi, momwe zimathandizira kutumiza mauthenga anayi pa waya umodzi.
Kuti akwaniritse malingaliro otsatirawa, a Thomas Edison amafunikira labotale yokhala ndi zida zokwanira. Mu 1876, pafupi ndi New York, ntchito yomanga idayamba pamalikulu akulu opangira kafukufuku wasayansi.
Pambuyo pake, labotaleyo inasonkhanitsa asayansi mazana ambiri omwe anali odalirika. Pambuyo pa ntchito yayitali komanso yovuta, Edison adapanga galamafoni (1877) - chida choyamba kujambula ndikupanga mawu. Mothandizidwa ndi singano ndi zojambulazo, adalemba nyimbo ya ana, yomwe idadabwitsa nzika zake zonse.
Mu 1879, a Thomas Edison adapanga mwina chinthu chotchuka kwambiri mu mbiri yake yasayansi - nyali ya ulusi wa kaboni. Nyali yotereyi imakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri, ndipo kuyipanga kwake kumafuna ndalama zochepa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mitundu yam'mbuyomu ya nyali zoyaka kwa maora ochepa okha, idadya magetsi ambiri ndipo inali yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Chosangalatsa chimodzimodzi, adayesa mpaka zida 6,000 asanasankhe kaboni ngati ulusi.
Poyamba, nyali ya Edison idayaka kwa maola 13-14, koma pambuyo pake moyo wake wogwira ntchito udakwera pafupifupi 100! Posakhalitsa adamanga malo opangira magetsi mu umodzi mwamabwalo aku New York, ndikupangitsa nyali 400 kuti ziziwala. Chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi chawonjezeka kuchoka pa 59 kufika pafupifupi 500 kwa miyezi ingapo.
Mu 1882 zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo yamafunde" zidayamba, zomwe zidatenga zaka zopitilira zana. Edison anali wothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono, zomwe zimafalikira popanda kutayika kwakukulu pamitunda yayifupi.
Komanso, Nikola Tesla wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi, yemwe poyamba adagwirira ntchito a Thomas Edison, adati ndizothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono, zomwe zimatha kupitilizidwa patali kwambiri.
Pomwe Tesla, pempho la olemba ntchito, adapanga makina 24 a AC, sanalandire ndalama zokwana madola 50,000 za ntchitoyi. Pokwiya, Nikola adasiya ntchito ya Edison ndipo posakhalitsa adamupikisana naye. Ndi chithandizo chandalama kuchokera kwa wogulitsa mafakitale ku Westinghouse, adayamba kutchukitsa zomwe zikuchitika.
Nkhondo ya mafunde inatha mu 2007 yokha: mainjiniya wamkulu wa Consolidate Edison adadula pagulu chingwe chomaliza kudzera momwe magetsiwa amaperekedwera ku New York.
Zida zazikulu kwambiri za a Thomas Edison zikuphatikiza maikolofoni ya kaboni, olekanitsa maginito, fluoroscope - chida cha X-ray, kinetoscope - ukadaulo woyambirira wa kanema wowonetsa chithunzi chosuntha, ndi batire ya nickel-iron.
Moyo waumwini
Kwa zaka zambiri, Edison anakwatiwa kawiri. Mkazi wake woyamba anali wolemba telegraph a Mary Stillwell. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti atangokwatirana, mwamunayo adapita kuntchito, kuyiwala zausiku waukwati.
Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi mwana wamkazi ndi ana awiri. Ana akulu, Marriott ndi Thomas, adapeza mayina "Point" ndi "Dash" polemekeza Morse code ndi dzanja lowala la abambo awo. Mkazi wa Edison anamwalira ali ndi zaka 29 kuchokera ku chotupa muubongo.
Mkazi wachiwiri wa wopangayo anali mtsikana wotchedwa Mina Miller. Edison adamuphunzitsa Morse code pomuuza kuti amamukonda mchilankhulochi. Mgwirizanowu udaberekanso anyamata awiri ndi mtsikana m'modzi.
Imfa
Woyambitsa anali kuchita sayansi mpaka imfa yake. Thomas Edison adamwalira pa Okutobala 18, 1931 ali ndi zaka 84. Zomwe zimamupha anali matenda ashuga, omwe ayamba kupita patsogolo kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Zithunzi za Edison
