Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky (1823-1870) - Mphunzitsi waku Russia, wolemba, woyambitsa maphunziro azasayansi ku Russia. Anapanga njira yabwino yophunzitsira, komanso adakhala wolemba mabuku angapo asayansi ndi ntchito za ana.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Ushinsky, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Konstantin Ushinsky.
Wambiri Ushinsky
Konstantin Ushinsky adabadwa pa February 19 (Marichi 3) 1823 ku Tula. Anakulira m'banja la mkulu wopuma pantchito komanso wovomerezeka Dmitry Grigorievich ndi mkazi wake Lyubov Stepanovna.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pafupifupi atangobadwa kumene Konstantin, bambo ake anaikidwa woweruza m'tawuni yaing'ono ya Novgorod-Seversky (m'chigawo cha Chernigov). Zotsatira zake, zinali pano kuti ubwana wonse wa mphunzitsi wamtsogolo udadutsa.
Tsoka loyamba mu mbiri ya Ushinsky lidachitika ali ndi zaka 11 - amayi ake adamwalira, omwe amakonda mwana wawo wamwamuna ndipo adachita maphunziro ake. Chifukwa chakukonzekera bwino kunyumba, sizinali zovuta kuti mnyamatayo alowe m'malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso, mpaka kalasi lachitatu.
Konstantin Ushinsky adalankhula zabwino za director of the gymnasium, Ilya Timkovsky. Malinga ndi iye, mwamunayo anali wotengeka kwenikweni ndi sayansi ndipo amayesetsa kuchita zonse zotheka kuti ophunzira alandire maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri.
Atalandira satifiketi, mnyamata wazaka 17 adalowa University of Moscow, ndikusankha dipatimenti yazamalamulo. Anachita chidwi ndi filosofi, malamulo ndi zolemba. Atalandira dipuloma, mnyamatayo adakhala ku yunivesite yakunyumba kukonzekera uprofesa.
M'zaka zimenezo, Ushinsky adaganizira zovuta zowunikira anthu wamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osaphunzira. Pamene Konstantin anakhala phungu wa sayansi, adapita ku Yaroslavl, komwe mu 1846 adayamba kuphunzitsa ku Demidov Lyceum.
Ubale pakati pa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira unali wophweka komanso wosavuta. Ushinsky anayesetsa kupewa zochitika zosiyanasiyana mkalasi, zomwe zinakwiyitsa atsogoleri a lyceum. Izi zidapangitsa kuti akhazikitsidwe mwachinsinsi.
Chifukwa chodzudzulidwa mobwerezabwereza komanso kusamvana ndi oyang'anira ake, Konstantin Dmitrievich asankha kuchoka ku Lyceum mu 1849. M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, adapeza ndalama pomasulira zolemba zakunja ndi kuwunika m'mabuku.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, Ushinsky anaganiza zopita ku St. Petersburg. Kumeneko adagwira ntchito yaing'ono mu Dipatimenti ya Zauzimu ndi Zipembedzo Zakunja, komanso adagwirizana ndi zofalitsa za Sovremennik ndi Library for Reading.
Kuphunzitsa
Ushinsky atakwanitsa zaka 31, adathandizidwa kupeza ntchito ku Gatchina Orphanage Institute, komwe amaphunzitsa mabuku achi Russia. Anakumana ndi ntchito yophunzitsa ophunzira mu mzimu wakudzipereka kwa "mfumu ndi dziko lawo."
Ku sukuluyi, komwe njira zokhwima zidakhazikitsidwa, adachita maphunziro a omwe angakhale oyang'anira. Ophunzira analangidwa ngakhale ataphwanya zazing'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzirawo adadzudzulana, chifukwa chake panali ubale wozizira pakati pawo.
Pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake, Ushinsky adapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira. Atalandira mphamvu zokulirapo, adatha kukonza njira yophunzitsira mwanjira yoti chidzudzulo, kuba ndi nkhanza zilizonse zimatha pang'onopang'ono.
Posakhalitsa Konstantin Ushinsky adakumana ndi zolemba zakale za m'modzi mwa oyang'anira apitawa ku yunivesite. Zinali ndi ntchito zambiri zophunzitsa zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mwamunayo asamawonongeke.
Chidziwitso chomwe adapeza m'mabukuwa chidalimbikitsa Ushinsky kotero kuti adaganiza zolemba masomphenya ake pamaphunziro. Anakhala mlembi wa imodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri pophunzitsa - - "Pamaphindu a Zolemba Zachiphunzitso", zomwe zidapangitsa chidwi pakati pa anthu.
Atadziwika kwambiri, Konstantin Ushinsky adayamba kufalitsa nkhani mu "Journal for Education", "Contemporary" ndi "Library for Reading".
Mu 1859, mphunzitsiyo adapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira kalasi ku Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, komwe adatha kusintha zambiri. Makamaka, Ushinsky adakwanitsa kuthetsa magawano pakati pa ophunzira - kukhala "olemekezeka" komanso "opanda pake". Otsatirawa anali anthu ochokera m'mabanja achikulire.
Mwamunayo adaumiriza kuti malangizowo aphunzitsidwe mu Chirasha. Anatsegula kalasi yophunzitsira, chifukwa ophunzirawo adatha kukhala aphunzitsi oyenerera. Anaperekanso mwayi kwa atsikana kuti azichezera mabanja awo panthawi yopuma komanso patchuthi.
Ushinsky ndiye woyambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa misonkhano ya aphunzitsi, yomwe imakambirana mitu yambiri ndi malingaliro apamwamba pankhani yamaphunziro. Kudzera pamisonkhanoyi, aphunzitsi amatha kudziwana bwino ndikugawana malingaliro awo.
Konstantin Ushinsky anali ndiudindo waukulu pakati pa anzawo ndi ophunzira, koma malingaliro ake opanga sanakonde utsogoleri wa yunivesite. Chifukwa chake, kuti achotse mnzake "wovuta", mu 1862 adatumizidwa kukachita bizinesi yakunja zaka 5.
Nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kunja sinatayire konse Ushinsky. Adapita kumayiko angapo aku Europe, akuwona mabungwe osiyanasiyana - kindergartens, masukulu ndi malo osungira ana amasiye. Adagawana zomwe adawona m'mabuku "Native Word" ndi "Children's World".
Ntchito izi sizikutaya kufunikira kwawo lero, popeza zidatsutsana ndi kusindikizidwa pafupifupi zana ndi theka. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito za sayansi, Konstantin Dmitrievich anakhala mlembi wa nthano zambiri ndi nkhani ana. Ntchito yake yayikulu yomaliza yasayansi inali ndi mutu "Munthu ngati mutu wamaphunziro, luso laukadaulo wophunzitsa." Munali mavoliyumu atatu, omwe omaliza adatsala osamalizidwa.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi wa Ushinsky anali Nadezhda Doroshenko, yemwe adadziwana naye kuyambira ali mwana. Achinyamata adaganiza zokwatirana mu 1851. Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi: Pavel, Vladimir, Konstantin, Vera, Olga ndi Nadezhda.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ana a Ushinsky adapitiliza bizinesi ya abambo awo, ndikupanga maphunziro.
Imfa
M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, Konstantin Dmitrievich adalandira kuzindikira konse. Adapemphedwa kutenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano yantchito ndikupereka malingaliro ake kwa anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, adapitilizabe kukonza maphunziro ake.
Zaka zingapo asanamwalire, mwamunayo adapita ku Crimea kukalandira chithandizo, koma adadwala chimfine panjira yopita kuchilumba. Pachifukwa ichi, adaganiza zopitilira kuchipatala ku Odessa, komwe adamwalira pambuyo pake. Konstantin Ushinsky anamwalira pa Disembala 22, 1870 (3 Januware 1871) ali ndi zaka 47.
Zithunzi za Ushinsky