Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - Wafilosofi wachingerezi, wolemba mbiri, wandale, loya, woyambitsa zamphamvu komanso kukonda kwambiri Chingerezi. Iye anali wothandizira njira yokhayo yovomerezeka komanso yozikidwa paumboni yasayansi.
Ophunzirawo adatsutsa kuchotsera mwachinyengo ndi njira yolowerera potengera kusanthula koyenera kwa zoyeserera.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Francis Bacon, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Bacon.
Francis Bacon mbiri
Francis Bacon adabadwa pa Januware 22, 1561 ku Greater London. Anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lolemera. Abambo ake, a Sir Nicholas, anali m'modzi mwa olemekezeka m'boma, ndipo amayi ake, Anna, anali mwana wamkazi wa Anthony Cook, yemwe adalera King Edward waku England ndi Ireland.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Kukula kwa umunthu wa Francis kunakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi amayi ake, omwe anali ophunzira kwambiri. Mayiyo amadziwa Chigiriki, Chilatini, Chifalansa ndi Chitaliyana, chifukwa chake adamasulira m'Chingerezi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zachipembedzo.
Anna anali Puritan wachangu - Mprotestanti Wachingelezi yemwe sanazindikire ulamuliro wa tchalitchi chovomerezeka. Ankadziwana bwino kwambiri ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo a Calvin omwe amalembelana nawo.
M'banja la Bacon, ana onse adalimbikitsidwa kuti azifufuza mosamalitsa ziphunzitso zaumulungu komanso kutsatira miyambo yachipembedzo. Francis anali ndi malingaliro abwino komanso ludzu la chidziwitso, koma sanali wathanzi.
Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 12, adalowa ku College of the Holy Trinity ku Cambridge, komwe adaphunzira pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Kuyambira ali mwana, nthawi zambiri anali kupezeka pokambirana pamitu yandale, popeza abambo ambiri adabwera kwa abambo ake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti atamaliza maphunziro awo kukoleji, Bacon adayamba kunena zoyipa za filosofi ya Aristotle, akukhulupirira kuti malingaliro ake anali abwino pamikangano chabe, koma sanabweretse phindu lililonse m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
M'chilimwe cha 1576, chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi abambo ake, omwe amafuna kukonzekeretsa mwana wawo kuti atumikire boma, Francis adatumizidwa kudziko lina ngati gawo la kazembe wa England ku France, Sir Paulet. Izi zidamuthandiza Bacon kuti adziwe zambiri pazokambirana.
Ndale
Pambuyo pa imfa ya mutu wabanja mu 1579, Francis adakumana ndi mavuto azachuma. Pa nthawi ya mbiri yake, adaganiza zophunzira zamalamulo kusukulu ya barrister. Patatha zaka 3, mnyamatayo adakhala loya, kenako membala wa nyumba yamalamulo.
Mpaka 1614, Bacon adatenga nawo gawo pazokambirana pamisonkhano ya House of Commons, kuwonetsa kuyimba bwino. Nthawi ndi nthawi amakonza makalata opita kwa Mfumukazi Elizabeth 1, momwe amayesa kulingalira mwanjira inayake pazandale.
Ali ndi zaka 30, Francis amakhala mlangizi wa wokondedwa wa Mfumukazi, Earl wa Essex. Adawonetsa kukhala wokonda dziko lako lenileni chifukwa pomwe mu 1601 Essex amafuna kuchita coup, Bacon, pokhala loya, adamuimba mlandu woukira boma kukhothi.
Popita nthawi, wandale uja adayamba kutsutsa zomwe Elizabeth 1 adachita, ndichifukwa chake anali wamanyazi ndi Mfumukazi ndipo sanathe kuyembekeza kukweza ntchito. Chilichonse chinasintha mu 1603, pomwe Jacob 1 Stuart adayamba kulamulira.
Mfumu yatsopanoyi inayamika ntchito ya a Francis Bacon. Anamulemekeza pomupatsa ulemu komanso maudindo a Baron waku Verulam ndi Viscount of St Albans.
Mu 1621, Bacon adagwidwa akumalandira ziphuphu. Sanakane kuti anthu, omwe milandu yawo amaweruza m'makhothi, nthawi zambiri amamupatsa mphatso. Komabe, adati izi sizinakhudze zomwe zikuchitika. Komabe, wafilosofi adalandidwa ntchito zonse ndipo adaletsedwanso kuti akaonekere kukhothi.
Philosophy ndi kuphunzitsa
Ntchito yayikulu yolemba za Francis Bacon imawerengedwa kuti ndi "Kuyesa, kapena malangizo azikhalidwe ndi andale." Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zidamutengera zaka 28 kuti alembe ntchitoyi!
Mmenemo, wolemba adaganizira zovuta zambiri ndi mikhalidwe yomwe imakhalapo mwa munthu. Makamaka, anafotokoza malingaliro ake okhudza chikondi, ubwenzi, chilungamo, moyo wabanja, ndi zina zambiri.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ngakhale Bacon anali loya waluso komanso wandale, nzeru ndi sayansi ndizo zomwe ankakonda kuchita pamoyo wake wonse. Anatsutsa kuchotsedwa kwa Aristotelian, komwe kunali kotchuka kwambiri panthawiyo.
M'malo mwake, Francis adalimbikitsa malingaliro atsopano. Akuloza mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni wa sayansi, adati kufikira tsikulo zonse zomwe asayansi adazipanga zidachitika mwangozi, osati mwatsatanetsatane. Pakhoza kupezeka zambiri ngati asayansi atagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera.
Mwa njira, Bacon amatanthauza njirayo, ndikuyitcha njira zazikulu zofufuzira. Ngakhale munthu wolumala yemwe akuyenda panjira adzakumana ndi munthu wathanzi amene akuthawa.
Chidziwitso cha sayansi chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa polemba - njira yodziyimira yokhazikika potengera kusintha kuchokera paudindo wina kupita ku umodzi, ndikuyesera - njira yochitidwira kuthandizira, kutsutsa kapena kutsimikizira chiphunzitsocho.
Kuchepetsa kumalandira chidziwitso kuchokera kumayiko oyandikira kudzera kuyesera, kuwunika ndi kutsimikizira chiphunzitsocho, osati kuchokera kutanthauzira, mwachitsanzo, za ntchito zomwezi za Aristotle.
Pofuna kukhazikitsa "kudzoza koona", a Francis Bacon sanafunenso zowona zokha kuti zitsimikizire mawu omalizira, komanso mfundo zowatsutsa. Chifukwa chake, adawonetsa kuti chidziwitso chowona chimachokera pakumva.
Malingaliro oterewa amatchedwa empiricism, kholo lawo lomwe, makamaka, linali Bacon. Komanso, wafilosofi adalankhula za zopinga zomwe zitha kuyimitsa chidziwitso. Adazindikira magulu anayi azolakwika za anthu (mafano):
- Mtundu woyamba - mafano amtundu (zolakwa zomwe munthu amapanga chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro).
- Mtundu wachiwiri - mafano amphanga (zolakwika zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha tsankho).
- Mtundu wachitatu - mafano apabwalo (zolakwika zomwe zidabadwa chifukwa cha zolakwika pakugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo)
- 4 mtundu - zisudzo mafano (zolakwa chifukwa cha kutsatira akhungu akuluakulu, machitidwe kapena miyambo anakhazikitsa).
Kupeza kwa Francis njira yatsopano yodziwira kumamupangitsa kukhala m'modzi mwa oimira akuluakulu asayansi masiku ano. Komabe, nthawi yonse ya moyo wake, machitidwe ake ozindikira omwe adachita bwino adakanidwa ndi oimira sayansi yoyesera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, Bacon ndiye wolemba zolemba zingapo zachipembedzo. M'mabuku ake, adakambirana nkhani zosiyanasiyana zachipembedzo, kutsutsa mwamphamvu zamatsenga, zamatsenga komanso kukana kukhalako kwa Mulungu. Anatinso "nzeru zopanda pake zimapangitsa malingaliro aumunthu kukhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu, pomwe kuzama kwazeru kumapangitsa malingaliro amunthu kukhala achipembedzo."
Moyo waumwini
Francis Bacon adakwatirana ali ndi zaka 45. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti womusankha, Alice Burnham, anali ndi zaka 14 panthawi yaukwati. Mtsikanayo anali mwana wamasiye wa mkulu wa ku London Benedict Bairnham.
Okwatiranawo adalembetsa ubale wawo mchilimwe cha 1606. Komabe, palibe mwana amene adabadwa mgwirizanowu.
Imfa
M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, woganiza uja amakhala pa malo ake, akuchita zantchito zaku sayansi komanso zolemba zokha. Francis Bacon anamwalira pa Epulo 9, 1626 ali ndi zaka 65.
Imfa ya wasayansiyo idabwera chifukwa cha ngozi yopanda pake. Popeza adasanthula mozama zochitika zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, mwamunayo adaganiza zokayesanso zina. Ankafuna kuyesa kuti kuzizira kumachedwetsa bwanji kuwola.
Atagula nyama yankhuku, Bacon adayiyika mchisanu. Atakhala panja panja nthawi yozizira, adadwala chimfine. Matendawa adapita patsogolo mwachangu kotero kuti wasayansi adamwalira tsiku lachisanu atayamba kuyesa kwake.
Chithunzi ndi Francis Bacon
