Vasily Alexandrovich Sukhomlinsky (1918-1970) - Mphunzitsi waluso waku Soviet komanso wolemba ana. Woyambitsa pulogalamu yophunzitsira potengera kuzindikira umunthu wa mwanayo ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, momwe njira zolerera ndi maphunziro ziyenera kukhalira.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Sukhomlinsky, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Vasily Sukhomlinsky.
Wambiri Sukhomlinsky
Vasily Sukhomlinsky adabadwa pa Seputembara 28, 1918 m'mudzi wa Vasilyevka (tsopano dera la Kirovograd). Iye anakulira m'banja la osauka osauka Alexander Emelyanovich ndi mkazi wake Oksana Avdeevna.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Sukhomlinsky Sr. amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu otchuka m'mudzimo. Anatenga nawo gawo pamoyo wapagulu, adawonekera m'manyuzipepala ngati wogulitsa, adatsogolera gulu lanyumba yantchito, komanso adaphunzitsanso ana asukulu ntchito (ukalipentala).
Amayi a mphunzitsi wamtsogolo anali ndi ntchito zapakhomo, komanso ankagwira ntchito pafamu yothandizana ndi owunikiridwa ndi mwezi ngati wosoka. Kuphatikiza pa Vasily, m'banja la Sukhomlinsky, mtsikana Melania ndi anyamata awiri, Ivan ndi Sergey. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti onse adakhala aphunzitsi.
Pamene Vasily anali ndi zaka 15, anapita ku Kremenchuk kukaphunzira. Nditamaliza maphunziro a ogwira ntchito, anakhoza bwino mayeso ku sukulu yophunzitsa.
Ali ndi zaka 17, Sukhomlinsky anayamba kuphunzitsa pasukulu yamakalata yomwe inali pafupi ndi kwawo kwa Vasilyevka. Nthawi yonseyi ya mbiri yake, adaganiza zosamukira ku Poltava Pedagogical Institute, komwe adamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1938.
Atakhala mphunzitsi wotsimikizika, Vasily adabwerera kunyumba. Pali anayamba kuphunzitsa chinenero Chiyukireniya ndi mabuku ku sekondale Onufriev. Chilichonse chinayenda bwino mpaka chiyambi cha Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), koyambirira komwe adapita kutsogolo.
Patapita miyezi ingapo, Sukhomlinsky anavulazidwa kwambiri ndi mfuti nthawi imodzi yankhondo pafupi ndi Moscow. Komabe, madotolo adakwanitsa kupulumutsa moyo wa msirikali. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chidutswa cha chipolopolo chidatsalira pachifuwa pake mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake.
Atatulutsidwa m'chipatala, Vasily anafunanso kupita kutsogolo, koma komitiyi inamupeza kuti sali woyenera kugwira ntchito. Gulu Lankhondo Lofiira litangotha kumasula Ukraine ku Nazi, nthawi yomweyo adapita kwawo, komwe mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamwamuna anali akumuyembekezera.
Atafika kudziko lakwawo, Sukhomlinsky anazindikira kuti mkazi wake ndi mwana wake anazunzidwa ndi a Gestapo. Patatha zaka zitatu nkhondo itatha, adakhala wamkulu pasukulu yasekondale. Chochititsa chidwi, adagwira ntchitoyi mpaka imfa yake.
Ntchito yophunzitsa
Vasily Sukhomlinsky ndi mlembi wa njira yapadera yophunzitsira potengera mfundo zaumunthu. Malingaliro ake, aphunzitsi ayenera kuwona mwa mwana aliyense umunthu wosiyana, komwe maphunziro, maphunziro ndi ntchito yolenga ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
Kulipira msonkho ku maphunziro apantchito kusukulu, Sukhomlinsky adatsutsa ukatswiri woyambirira (wazaka 15), woperekedwa ndi lamulo. Anatinso chitukuko chaumwini chimatheka pokhapokha ngati sukulu komanso banja limagwirira ntchito limodzi.
Ndi aphunzitsi a Pavlysh School, mtsogoleri wawo anali Vasily Alexandrovich, adapereka dongosolo loyambirira logwirira ntchito ndi makolo. Pafupifupi nthawi yoyamba m'boma, sukulu ya makolo idayamba kugwira ntchito pano, pomwe maphunziro ndi zokambirana ndi aphunzitsi ndi akatswiri azamisala zimachitika, zophunzitsira.
Sukhomlinsky amakhulupirira kuti kudzikonda kwaana, nkhanza, chinyengo ndi nkhanza ndizochokera ku maphunziro osauka m'banja. Amakhulupirira kuti pamaso pa mwana aliyense, ngakhale wovuta kwambiri, mphunzitsiyo amafunika kuti awulule malo omwe angafikire nsonga zazitali kwambiri.
Vasily Sukhomlinsky anamanga njira yophunzirayi ngati ntchito yosangalatsa, kuyang'anira mapangidwe awowonera ophunzira. Nthawi yomweyo, zambiri zimadalira mphunzitsi - pa kalembedwe kofotokozera nkhaniyo komanso chidwi mwa ophunzira.
Mwamunayo wapanga pulogalamu yokongoletsa ya "maphunziro a kukongola", pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro amdziko lapansi. Mokwanira, malingaliro ake adalembedwa mu "Study on Communist Education" (1967) ndi ntchito zina.
Sukhomlinsky analimbikitsa kuti aphunzitse ana kuti athe kuyang'anira achibale ndi anthu komanso, koposa zonse, chikumbumtima chawo. M'ntchito yake yotchuka "Malangizo 100 a Aphunzitsi," alemba kuti mwanayo samangofufuza dziko lokhalo lomuzungulira, komanso amadzidziwa yekha.
Kuyambira ali mwana, mwana ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kukonda ntchito. Pofuna kuti akhale ndi chidwi chophunzira, makolo ndi aphunzitsi amayenera kukonda ndikukula mwa iye kunyada kwa wogwira ntchitoyo. Ndiye kuti, mwana amakakamizidwa kuti amvetsetse ndikumupindulira bwino pakuphunzira.
Maubwenzi apakati pa anthu amaululidwa bwino kudzera muntchito - pamene aliyense amuchitira mnzake. Ndipo ngakhale zambiri zimadalira mphunzitsiyo, ayenera kugawana nkhawa zake ndi makolo ake. Chifukwa chake, kudzera pothandizana limodzi ndi pomwe angakwanitse kulera munthu wabwino kuchokera kwa mwana.
Kuntchito ndi zomwe zimayambitsa zachinyengo za achinyamata
Malinga ndi Vasily Sukhomlinsky, iwo omwe amagona msanga, amagona nthawi yokwanira, ndipo amadzuka m'mawa amamva bwino kwambiri. Komanso, thanzi labwino limapezeka munthu akagwira ntchito yamaganizidwe maola 5-10 atadzuka kutulo.
Maola otsatirawa, munthuyo ayenera kuchepetsa ntchito. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwakaluntha, makamaka kuloweza pamutu, sikulandirika kwa ola lomaliza la 5-7 asanagone.
Kutengera ndi ziwerengero, Sukhomlinsky adati pamlanduwu pomwe mwana amaphunzira kwa maola angapo asanagone, adalephera.
Pankhani yachinyengo cha achinyamata, Vasily Alexandrovich adaperekanso malingaliro ambiri osangalatsa. Malinga ndi iye, mlanduwo umakhala wankhanza kwambiri, umakhala wosauka, zosowa ndi zosowa za banja.
Malingaliro amenewa Sukhomlinsky adatengera maziko a kafukufukuyu. Mphunzitsiyo adati palibe banja limodzi la achinyamata lomwe laphwanya lamuloli lomwe linali ndi laibulale ya mabanja: "... M'mabanja onse 460 ndinawerenga mabuku 786 ... Palibe m'modzi mwa achifwamba achichepere omwe angatchuleko gawo limodzi la nyimbo za symphonic, opera kapena chipinda chanyumba."
Imfa
Vasily Sukhomlinsky anamwalira pa September 2, 1970 ali ndi zaka 51. Mmoyo wake, adalemba ma monograph 48, zolemba zoposa 600, komanso nkhani pafupifupi 1,500 ndi nthano.
Zithunzi za Sukhomlinsky
