Confucius

Confucius (pafupifupi. Malingaliro ake adakhudza kwambiri moyo wa China ndi East Asia, kukhala maziko a filosofi - Confucianism. Iye adayambitsa yunivesite yoyamba ndikukonzekeretsa zolemba zomwe zidalembedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Ziphunzitso za Confucius pamiyambo yamakhalidwe olamulira, akuluakulu, asitikali ndi alimi zimafalikira ku China mwachangu kwambiri. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi mphunzitsi woyamba waluso mu Ufumu Wakumwamba.

Popita nthawi, Confucianism idakhala ngati mfundo yaboma, yomwe idakhalapo mpaka koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, yachiwiri pambuyo pa Buddha ndi Taoism. Izi zidapangitsa kuti wafilosofi akwezeke ndikukhala nawo m'gulu lachipembedzo.

Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Confucius, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Confucius.

Mbiri ya Confucius

Confucius adabadwa pafupifupi. 551 BC m'chigawo cha Qufu. Anachokera ku banja lolemekezeka la Kun ndipo anali mbadwa ya wamkulu wa Emperor Wei-tzu. Chifukwa chotumikira bwino Emperor Wei-tzu, adalandira ufumu wa Nyimbo ndi dzina lachifumu kuti chu monga mphotho.

Pofika nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Confucius, banja la a Wei-tzu linali losauka ndipo linasiya kutengera mphamvu zawo zakale. M'modzi mwa makolo ake wotchedwa Mu Jingfu adakakamizidwa kuthawa mdziko lakwawo kupita kudziko lina. Zotsatira zake, adakhazikika ku ukulu wa Lu.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Abambo a Confucius, Shulian He, anali ndi akazi awiri. Woyamba anamuberekera ana aakazi 9, ndipo wachiwiri anabereka mwana wamwamuna, yemwe anamwalira ali mwana. Amayi a wafilosofi wamtsogolo anali mdzakazi wa bambo wazaka 17 dzina lake Yan Zhengzai. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti msungwanayo anali wocheperako zaka 46 kuposa mbuye wake.

Confucius bambo ake anamwalira ali wakhanda. Ubale pakati pa amayi ake ndi akazi achikulire a abambo ake omwalira udali wovuta. Woyamba kudana ndi Yan Zhengzai kokha chifukwa samatha kubereka mwana wamwamuna, zomwe panthawiyo zinali zomvetsa chisoni kwa mayi waku China.

Mkazi wachiwiri, yemwe anataya mwana wake, sanakonde msungwanayo pazifukwa zomwezo. Posafuna kupitiriza kukhala padenga limodzi ndi akazi a mwamuna wake womwalirayo, Yan Zhengzai adabwerera kwawo ku Qufu City.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mtsikanayo anakana kukhala m'nyumba ya makolo ake, akuganiza zophunzitsa ndi kumusamalira yekha Confucius. Analimbikitsa mwana kuti akhale wolowa m'malo woyenera m'banjamo, kuyesera kupatsa mwana wake zonse zomwe amafunikira.

Confucius kuyambira ali mwana anayamba kugwira ntchito mwakhama, chifukwa ankafuna kuti moyo wa amayi ake ukhale wosavuta. Mayi ake ataphunzira kuti amachokera ku banja lolemekezeka, mnyamatayo anayamba kudziphunzitsa yekha. Makamaka anali waluso panthawiyi.

Atakhala munthu wophunzira kwambiri, mnyamatayo adapatsidwa ntchito zolemekezeka. Adapatsidwa udindo wolandila ndi kugawira tirigu, ndipo pambuyo pake adapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira ziweto. Panthawiyo mu mbiri yake, anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 25.

Ziphunzitso za Confucius

Confucius adakhala nthawi yakuchepa kwa ufumu wa Zhou. Ulamuliro wa mfumu uja sunalinso wamphamvu ngati kale, chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zinali m'manja mwa olamulira a maufumu osiyanasiyana. Zitatha izi, nkhondo zoyeserera zinayamba, zomwe zidapangitsa kutsika kwa moyo wa nzika wamba.

Amayi ake atamwalira mu 528, Confucius, kutsatira chikhalidwe chakulira, adapuma pantchito kwa zaka zitatu. Munthawi imeneyi, adasanthula zolemba zakale ndikulemba zolemba zaumunthu pamalamulo aubwenzi pomanga mgwirizano.

Pomwe woganiza anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 44, adapatsidwa udindo wotsogolera nyumba yachifumu ya Lu. Kwa kanthawi anatumikira monga mutu wa oweruza. Nthawi yomweyo mu mbiri yake, wafilosofiyu adapempha akuluakulu kuti alange anthu awo pokhapokha ngati samvera, komanso munjira zina zonse - "kuti afotokozere anthu ntchito zawo."

Atatumikira kwakanthawi monga mkulu m'maboma ena, a Confucius adasiya ntchito. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chakuti sakanatha kutsatira mfundo zatsopano za boma. Pamodzi ndi ophunzira ake, mwamunayo adangoyendayenda m'maiko aku China, akuyesetsabe kupereka malingaliro ake kwa olamulira akumaloko.

Ali ndi zaka 60 zokha pomwe Confucius adabwereranso ku Qufu, komwe adakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake. Adalumikizana ndi omutsatira kwa nthawi yayitali, akugwira ntchito pakapangidwe kazinthu zanzeru zaku China: "Book of Songs", "Book of Changes" ndi ntchito zina.

Kuchokera ku cholowa chapamwamba cha Confucius mwiniwake, imodzi mwazinthu zake zatsimikiziridwa motsimikizika - "Kasupe ndi Kutha". Olemba mbiri ya akatswiriwa akuti anali ndi ophunzira pafupifupi 3,000, koma ndi 26 okha omwe amadziwika bwino.

Malinga ndi zonena za aphunzitsi awo, otsatira a Confucius adalemba buku - "Lunyu" ("Kukambirana ndi Ziweruzo"). Adakhazikitsa lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino, lomwe ndi ili: "Musachite kwa munthu zomwe simukuzifuna."

Chikonfyusi

Munthawi ya ulamuliro wa mafumu achi Han (zaka za zana lachiwiri BC - 3th century AD), ziphunzitso za Confucius zidakwezedwa pamipingo, chifukwa chake zidakhudza kwambiri malingaliro achi China.

Maziko a Confucianism ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu logwirizana, pomwe munthu aliyense ali ndi gawo loti achite. Nthawi yomweyo, osankhika sayenera kupondereza nzika, kuwonetsa kukhulupirika kwa iwo.

Confucius adakhazikitsa mfundo zisanu za munthu wolungama:

• "Ren" - "ulemu", "philanthropy", "umunthu". Ili ndiye gawo lofunikira mu Confucianism. Munthu ali ndi udindo wokonda ena, kupewa zikhalidwe za nyama, zomwe zimakhala zankhanza. Mwanjira ina, aliyense ayenera kutsatira lamuloli ndipo asachitire wina zomwe simukufuna.
• "Ndipo" - "chilungamo". Munthu ayenera kupewa mtima wadyera, popewa kudzikonda.
• "Li" - "mwambo". Kuyitanidwa kosunga miyambo yokhazikika potsatira miyezo yolungama ya chikhalidwe.
• "Zhi" - "nzeru". Chifukwa cha khalidweli, munthu samangoganizira zochita zake, komanso amawoneratu zotsatirapo zake.
• "Buluu" - "kudalirika", "kuwona mtima". Wosamala ndi amene amapewa chinyengo ndipo amayesetsa kuchita zabwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, Confucius ndiye wolemba dongosolo lomwe limathandizira kukwaniritsa cholinga china ndikuchita bwino. Kuti muchite izi, munthu ayenera kutsatira mfundo zazikulu 9:

1. Pitani ku cholinga, ngakhale osafulumira, koma osayima.
2. Sungani chida chanu nthawi zonse chakuthwa (chinsinsi chakuchita bwino chimadalira kukonzekera bwino).
3. Osasintha cholinga chanu.
4. Kuchita mwakhama ntchito yofunikira komanso yoyenera.
5. Lankhulani ndi okhawo omwe akutukuka.
6. Kudzikulitsa ndikuyesetsa kuchita zabwino.
7. Osakulitsa mkwiyo - zoyipa zimabwezeretsa zabwino.
8. Osakwiya, chifukwa mudzayenera kuyankha chilichonse.
9. Phunzirani kwa ena ndikumvera malangizo.

Confucianism si chipembedzo, monga ambiri amaganiza molakwika, koma chimangolimbikitsa munthu kuganiza mwanzeru.

Moyo waumwini

Pamene Confucius anali ndi zaka 19, adakwatira mtsikana wotchedwa Kikoan Shi, yemwe adachokera kubanja lolemekezeka.

Posakhalitsa banjali lidakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna wotchedwa Li, yemwe amadziwika kuti Bo Yu. Amanenanso kuti banjali anali ndi mwana wamkazi.

Imfa

Confucius adamwalira mu 479 BC. e., Ali ndi zaka 72. Usiku woti amwalira, adagona masiku 7. Mu mzinda wa Qufu, patsamba la nyumba ya wafilosofi, pambuyo pake adamanga kachisi, yemwe lero akutetezedwa ndi UNESCO.

Zithunzi za Confucius

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