Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) - Wolemba ndakatulo waku Italiya, wolemba mabuku, woganiza, wazamulungu, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa zolemba zaku Italiya komanso wandale. Mlengi wa "Divine Comedy", komwe kaphatikizidwe ka chikhalidwe chakumapeto kwamakedzana adapatsidwa.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Dante Alighieri, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Dante Alighieri.
Mbiri ya Dante Alighieri
Tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa wolemba ndakatulo silikudziwika. Dante Alighieri adabadwa mu theka lachiwiri la Meyi 1265. Malinga ndi miyambo yabanja, makolo a omwe adapanga "Divine Comedy" adachokera ku banja lachiroma la Elisees, omwe adachita nawo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Florence.
Mphunzitsi woyamba wa Dante anali wolemba ndakatulo komanso wasayansi Brunetto Latini, wotchuka nthawi imeneyo. Alighieri anaphunzira mozama mabuku akale komanso akale. Kuphatikiza apo, adasanthula ziphunzitso zachinyengo za nthawiyo.
Mmodzi wa abwenzi apamtima a Dante anali wolemba ndakatulo Guido Cavalcanti, yemwe adalemekeza ndakatulo zambiri.
Umboni woyamba wa Alighieri ngati munthu wamba udayamba ku 1296. Zaka 4 pambuyo pake adapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira.
Mabuku
Olemba mbiri ya Dante sanganene kuti wolemba ndakatuloyo adayamba liti kuwonetsa luso lolemba ndakatulo. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 27, adafalitsa mndandanda wake wotchuka "New Life", wopangidwa ndi ndakatulo ndi ma prose.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pakapita nthawi, asayansi azitcha kusonkhanaku kukhala mbiri yakale yoyamba m'mbiri yazolemba.
Dante Alighieri atayamba kukonda ndale, adachita chidwi ndi mkangano womwe udabuka pakati pa mfumu ndi Papa. Zotsatira zake, adagwirizana ndi mfumu, zomwe zidakwiyitsa atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika.
Posakhalitsa, mphamvu zidali m'manja mwa omwe anali nawo Papa. Zotsatira zake, wolemba ndakatulo adathamangitsidwa ku Florence pamlandu wabodza wachiphuphu komanso mabodza odana ndi boma.
Dante anamulipiritsa ndalama zambiri, ndipo analanda katundu wake yense. Pambuyo pake akuluakulu adamulamula kuti aphedwe. Nthawi imeneyo mu mbiri yake, Alighieri anali kunja kwa Florence, komwe adapulumutsa moyo wake. Zotsatira zake, sanapitenso kwawo, ndipo anamwalira ali ku ukapolo.
Mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, Dante adayendayenda m'mizinda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo adakhalako ku Paris kwakanthawi. Ntchito zina zonse zitatha "New Life", adalemba ali ku ukapolo.
Alighieri ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 40, adayamba kugwira ntchito pamabuku a "Phwando" ndi "On the People's Eloquence", pomwe adafotokoza malingaliro ake anzeru. Komanso, ntchito zonse sizinathe. Zachidziwikire, izi zidachitika chifukwa choti adayamba kugwira ntchito yake yabwino kwambiri - "The Divine Comedy".
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti poyamba wolemba adangotcha chilengedwe chake "Comedy" chabe. Mawu oti "mulungu" adawonjezedwa padzina ndi Boccaccio, wolemba mbiri yoyamba ya wolemba ndakatulo.
Zinatenga Alighieri pafupifupi zaka 15 kuti alembe bukuli. Mmenemo, adziwonetsera yekha ndi munthu wofunikira. Ndakatuloyo idalongosola zaulendo wopita ku moyo wamtsogolo, komwe adapita atamwalira Beatrice.
Lero "The Divine Comedy" imawerengedwa kuti ndi buku lenileni lazakale zamakedzana, lomwe limakhudza nkhani zasayansi, ndale, nzeru, zamakhalidwe ndi zamulungu. Amatchedwa chipilala chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Ntchitoyi imagawidwa m'magawo atatu: "Hell", "Purigatoriyo" ndi "Paradise", pomwe gawo lirilonse limakhala ndi nyimbo 33 (nyimbo 34 mgawo loyamba "Hell", ngati chizindikiro cha kusamvana). Ndakatuloyi idalembedwa mzigawo zitatu komanso ndondomeko yapaderadera - ma tertsins.
"Comedy" inali ntchito yomaliza mu mbiri yolenga ya Dante Alighieri. Mmenemo, wolemba anali wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu wakale.
Moyo waumwini
Nyumba yosungira zakale ya Dante anali Beatrice Portinari, yemwe adakumana naye koyamba mu 1274. Pa nthawiyo anali ndi zaka 9 zokha, pomwe mtsikanayo anali wazaka chimodzi. Mu 1283 Alighieri adaonanso mlendo yemwe anali atakwatirana kale.
Apa ndipamene Alighieri adazindikira kuti amakondana kwambiri ndi Beatrice. Kwa ndakatuloyi, iye anali chikondi chokha m'moyo wake wonse.
Chifukwa chakuti Dante anali wachinyamata wodzichepetsa komanso wamanyazi, adangoyankhula kawiri ndi wokondedwa wake kawiri. Mwinanso, mtsikanayo sanathe kulingalira zomwe wolemba ndakatulo wachichepereyo amakonda, komanso koposa kuti dzina lake likumbukiridwe zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake.
Beatrice Portinari adamwalira mu 1290 ali ndi zaka 24. Malinga ndi magwero ena, adamwalira panthawi yobereka, komanso malinga ndi ena ndi mliriwo. Kwa Dante, kufa kwa "mbuye wa malingaliro ake" kudali kopweteka kwenikweni. Mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, woganiza amangoganiza za iye, m'njira zonse zotheka chithunzi cha Beatrice muntchito zake.
Patatha zaka 2, Alighieri adakwatirana ndi Gemma Donati, mwana wamkazi wa mtsogoleri wa chipani cha Florentine Donati, yemwe banja la wolemba ndakatuloyo lidali chidani. Mosakayikira, mgwirizanowu udamalizidwa powerengera, ndipo, mwachiwonekere, ndi ndale. Pambuyo pake, banjali lidakhala ndi mwana wamkazi, Anthony, ndi anyamata awiri, Pietro ndi Jacopo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pomwe Dante Alighieri adalemba The Divine Comedy, dzina la Gemma silinatchulidwepo, pomwe Beatrice anali m'modzi mwa anthu otchuka m'ndakatuloyi.
Imfa
Pakati pa 1321 Dante, ngati kazembe wa wolamulira wa Ravenna, adapita ku Venice kuti akachite mgwirizano wamtendere ndi Republic of St. Mark. Atabwerera, adadwala malungo. Matendawa adakula msanga kotero kuti mwamunayo adamwalira panjira usiku wa pa 13 mpaka 14 September, 1321.
Alighieri adayikidwa m'manda ku Cathedral of San Francesco ku Ravenna. Pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, kadinala adalamula amonke kuti awotche zotsalira za wolemba ndakatulo wonyozeka. Momwe amonkewo adakwanitsira kusamvera lamuloli sichikudziwika, koma phulusa la Dante silinasinthe.
Mu 1865, omanga adapeza bokosi lamatabwa pakhoma la tchalitchi chachikulu lomwe lidalembedwa kuti "Mafupa a Dante adayikidwa pano ndi Antonio Santi mu 1677". Kupeza kumeneku kunakhala kosangalatsa padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsalira za wafilosofi zidasamutsidwa ku mausoleum ku Ravenna, komwe amasungidwa lero.
Chithunzi ndi Dante Alighieri
