Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) - Wachizungu wazachilengedwe komanso woyenda, m'modzi mwa oyamba kubwera kumapeto ndikutsimikizira lingaliro loti zamoyo zonse zimasintha pakapita nthawi ndikubwera kuchokera kwa makolo wamba.
M'malingaliro ake, kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane komwe kudasindikizidwa mu 1859 m'buku la "The Origin of Species", Darwin adatcha kusankha kwachilengedwe njira yayikulu yosinthira zamoyo.
Mbiri ya Darwin pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Charles Darwin.
Mbiri ya Darwin
Charles Darwin adabadwa pa February 12, 1809 mumzinda waku England wa Shrewsbury. Anakulira m'banja la dokotala wachuma komanso wachuma Robert Darwin ndi mkazi wake, Susanne. Anali mwana wachisanu mwa ana asanu ndi m'modzi mwa makolo ake.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ali mwana, Darwin, pamodzi ndi amayi ake ndi abale ake, anali mpingo wa Unitarian Church. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 8, adayamba kupita kusukulu, komwe adachita chidwi ndi sayansi yachilengedwe ndi kusonkhanitsa. Posakhalitsa amayi ake anamwalira, chifukwa cha maphunziro auzimu a ana adachepetsedwa.
Mu 1818, Darwin Sr. adatumiza ana ake, Charles ndi Erasmus, ku Anglican School of Shrewsbury. Wachilengedwe wamtsogolo sanakonde kupita kusukulu, popeza chilengedwe, chomwe amakonda kwambiri, sichinaphunzire kumeneko.
Pokhala ndi magiredi apakatikati m'maphunziro onse, Charles adadziwika kuti ndi wophunzira wosakhoza. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, mwanayo adachita chidwi chotolera agulugufe ndi mchere. Pambuyo pake, adapeza chidwi chachikulu pakusaka.
Kusekondale, Darwin adachita chidwi ndi chemistry, yomwe adatsutsidwa ndi mphunzitsi wamkulu wamalo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, yemwe adawona kuti sayansiyi ndi yopanda tanthauzo. Zotsatira zake, mnyamatayo adalandira satifiketi yokhala ndi mamakisi ochepa.
Pambuyo pake, Charles adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Yunivesite ya Edinburgh, komwe adaphunzira udokotala. Patatha zaka 2 akuphunzira ku yunivesite, adazindikira kuti sanakonde mankhwala. Mnyamatayo adayamba kudumpha makalasi, ndikuyamba kupanga nyama zodzaza.
Wothandizira a Darwin pankhaniyi anali kapolo wakale dzina lake John Edmonstone, yemwe nthawi ina adadutsa Amazon ngati wothandizira wazachilengedwe Charles Waterton.
Zotulukapo zoyambirira zomwe Charles adazipeza zinali m'matumba am'madzi am'mimba. Anapereka zochitika zake mu gulu la ophunzira la Plinievsky. Apa ndiye kuti wasayansi wachinyamata adayamba kuzolowera kukonda chuma.
Darwin adakondwera kutenga maphunziro m'mbiri yachilengedwe, chifukwa chomwe adapeza chidziwitso choyambirira cha geology, komanso anali ndi mwayi wopeza zopereka zomwe zili ku yunivesite ya zakale.
Abambo ake atadziwa zamaphunziro omwe Charles adanyalanyaza, adaumiriza kuti mwana wawo apite ku Christ College, University of Cambridge. Munthuyu amafuna kuti mnyamatayo alandire udindo wokhala mtsogoleri wachipembedzo ku Tchalitchi cha England. Darwin anaganiza zosatsutsa chifuniro cha abambo ake ndipo posakhalitsa anakhala wophunzira waku koleji.
Atasintha maphunziro, mnyamatayo sanamvebe changu chofuna kuphunzira. M'malo mwake, amakonda kuwombera mfuti, kusaka, komanso kukwera pamahatchi. Pambuyo pake, adachita chidwi ndi sayansi ya tizilombo - sayansi ya tizilombo.
Charles Darwin anayamba kusonkhanitsa kafadala. Anayamba kucheza ndi botanist John Stevens Henslow, akumaphunzira kuchokera kwa iye zambiri zosangalatsa za chilengedwe ndi tizilombo. Pozindikira kuti posachedwa apambana mayeso omaliza, wophunzirayo adaganiza zopatsa chidwi kwambiri pamaphunziro ake.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, Darwin anali wodziwa bwino zinthu zomwe anaziphonya mwakuti anali pa 10th mwa 178 omwe adapambana mayeso.
Maulendo
Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite mu 1831, a Charles Darwin adayamba ulendo wapadziko lonse lapansi pa Beagle. Adatenga nawo gawo paulendo wasayansi ngati wazachilengedwe. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ulendowu udatenga zaka pafupifupi 5.
Pomwe anthu ogwira nawo ntchito anali kuchita kafukufuku wazithunzi za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, Charles adatolera zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi mbiri yakale komanso nthaka. Adalemba mosamala zonse zomwe adawona, zina mwa zomwe adazitumiza ku Cambridge.
Paulendo wake wopita ku Beagle, Darwin adasonkhanitsa nyama zochititsa chidwi, komanso adafotokozera mawonekedwe am'madzi angapo am'madzi omwe ali ngati laconic. Kudera la Patagonia, adapeza zotsalira zakale za megatherium yakale yoyamwitsa, yomwe kunja kwake imafanana ndi chida chachikulu chankhondo.
Pafupipafupi, Charles Darwin adawona zipolopolo zambiri zam'madzi zamakono, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutha kwa megatherium posachedwa. Ku Britain, izi zidadzutsa chidwi chachikulu pakati pa asayansi.
Kufufuzanso kwina kwa malo oponderezedwa a Patagonia, kuwulula zomwe zidachitika padziko lathuli, kudalimbikitsa wazachilengedwe kuti aganizire zolakwika zomwe a Lyell adalemba "zakukhazikika ndi kutha kwa zamoyo."
Sitimayo itafika ku Chile, Darwin adakhala ndi mwayi wowona chivomerezi champhamvu. Adazindikira momwe dziko lapansi lidakwera pamwamba pamadzi. Mu Andes anapeza zipolopolo za mollusks, chifukwa mnyamatayo ananena kuti zolepheretsa miyala yam'madzi ndi atolls sizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka dziko lapansi.
Kuzilumba za Galapagos, a Charles adawona kuti mbalame zonyazitsa zomwe zinali mbadwa zawo zidali ndizosiyana zingapo ndi zomwe zimapezeka ku Chile ndi madera ena. Ku Australia, adawona makoswe a kangaroo ndi ma platypus, omwe analinso osiyana ndi nyama zofananira kwina.
Atakhudzidwa ndi zomwe adawona, Darwin adanenanso kuti Opanga awiri akuti adagwira ntchito yopanga Dziko Lapansi. Pambuyo pake, "Beagle" adapitiliza ulendo wake m'madzi a South America.
Pa mbiri ya 1839-1842. A Charles Darwin adalemba zomwe adalemba m'mapepala asayansi: "Diary of Investigations of a Naturalist", "The Zoology of Voyage on the Beagle" ndi "Structure and Distribution of Coral Reef."
Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti wasayansi anali woyamba kufotokoza zomwe zimatchedwa "chipale chofewa" - mawonekedwe achilendo pamwamba pa matalala kapena firn minda yamapiramidi osongoka mpaka 6 m kutalika, patali ngati khamu la amonke ogwada.
Ulendowu utatha, Darwin anayamba kufunafuna umboni wotsimikizira kuti zamoyo zimasintha. Anabisa malingaliro ake kwa aliyense chifukwa anazindikira kuti ndi malingaliro ake adzatsutsa malingaliro achipembedzo pazomwe dziko lidayamba komanso chilichonse chomwe chilimo.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti, ngakhale anali ndi malingaliro olosera, Charles adakhalabe wokhulupirira. M'malo mwake, sanakondwere ndi ziphunzitso ndi miyambo yambiri yachikhristu.
Pambuyo pake, bamboyo atafunsidwa za zikhulupiriro zake zachipembedzo, ananena kuti sanakhulupirire kuti kulibe Mulungu. M'malo mwake, amadziona ngati wokayikira.
Kuchoka komaliza ku tchalitchi ku Darwin kunachitika atamwalira mwana wake wamkazi Anne mu 1851. Komabe, adapitilizabe kuthandiza anthu am'mipingo, koma adakana kupita nawo kutchalitchicho. Achibale ake akapita kutchalitchi, iye ankapita kokayenda.
Mu 1838, Charles adapatsidwa udindo wa Secretary of Geological Society of London. Adagwira izi kwa zaka pafupifupi 3.
Chiphunzitso chotsatira
Atayenda kuzungulira dziko lapansi, Darwin adayamba kulemba zolemba, momwe adagawaniza mitundu yazomera ndi ziweto m'magulu. Kumeneko adalembanso malingaliro ake pankhani yosankha zachilengedwe.
The Origin of Species ndi ntchito ya Charles Darwin momwe wolemba adafotokoza lingaliro la chisinthiko. Bukuli lidasindikizidwa pa Novembala 24, 1859, ndipo limawerengedwa kuti ndi maziko a biology yosinthika. Lingaliro lalikulu ndilakuti anthu amasintha m'mibadwo yambiri kudzera pakusankhidwa kwachilengedwe. Mfundo zomwe zafotokozedwa m'bukuli zidakhala ndi dzina lawo - "Darwinism".
Pambuyo pake Darwin adapereka ntchito ina yodziwika bwino - "Kutsika kwa Munthu ndi Kusankha Zogonana." Wolemba adapereka lingaliro loti anthu ndi abulu anali ndi kholo limodzi. Adasanthula kuyerekezera kofananira ndikuyerekeza zomwe zidachitika m'mimba, potero adayesa kutsimikizira malingaliro ake.
Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chidatchuka kwambiri nthawi ya moyo wa Darwin, ndipo sichikutayika ngakhale lero. Komabe, ziyenera kuzindikiridwa pano kuti, monga kale, imangokhala lingaliro chabe, popeza ili ndi malo ambiri amdima.
Mwachitsanzo, mzaka zam'mbuyomu munthu amatha kumva za zomwe zapezedwa zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti munthuyo adachokera ku nyani. Monga umboni, tidatchulidwa mafupa a "Neanderthals", omwe amafanana ndi zolengedwa zina, zomwe zimafanana ndi anyani ndi anthu.
Komabe, pakubwera njira zamakono zodziwira zotsalira za anthu akale, zidawonekeratu kuti mafupa ena ndi aanthu, ena ndi nyama, osati nyani nthawi zonse.
Mpaka pano, pali mikangano yayikulu pakati pa omwe amatsatira ndi omwe amatsutsa nthanthi ya chisinthiko. Ndi zonsezi, monga otetezera chiyambi chaumulungu cha munthu, sikutheka kutsimikizira chilengedwendi omenyera ufulu wawo kuyambira anyani osakhoza kutsimikizira malingaliro awo mwanjira iliyonse.
Pamapeto pake, chiyambi cha munthu ndichachinsinsi kwathunthu, ngakhale atakhala ndi malingaliro angati osiyanasiyana asayansi.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha Darwin nthawi zambiri amatcha chiphunzitso chawo sayansi, ndi malingaliro achipembedzo - chikhulupiriro chakhungu... Kuphatikiza apo, zonsezi ndizokhazikitsidwa pamawu omwe amatengedwa pachikhulupiriro chokha.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi wa Charles Darwin anali msuweni wotchedwa Emma Wedgwood. Okwatirana kumenewo adalembetsa ubale wawo malinga ndi miyambo yonse ya Tchalitchi cha Anglican. Awiriwa anali ndi ana 10, atatu mwa iwo adamwalira ali mwana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ena mwa ana anali atadwala kapena anali ofooka. Wasayansiyo amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chake chinali ubale wake ndi Emma.
Imfa
Charles Darwin adamwalira pa Epulo 19, 1882 ali ndi zaka 73. Mkaziyo adapitilira mwamunayo zaka 14, atamwalira kugwa kwa 1896.
Zithunzi za Darwin
