Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (1900-1945) - m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira mu ulamuliro wa Nazi, chipani cha Nazi ndi Reichsfuehrer SS. Anachita nawo zachiwawa zingapo za Nazi, pokhala m'modzi mwa omwe adalimbikitsa kuphedwa kwa Nazi. Adawongolera mwachindunji apolisi onse amkati ndi akunja ndi achitetezo, kuphatikiza a Gestapo.
Pa moyo wake wonse, Himmler anali kukonda zamatsenga komanso kufalitsa mfundo zosankhana mitundu za Nazi. Adayambitsa zikhalidwe za esoteric m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa asitikali a SS.
Zinali Himmler amene anayambitsa magulu omupha, omwe anapha anthu wamba wamba. Woyambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndende zozunzirako anthu komwe anthu mamiliyoni makumi ambiri adaphedwa.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Himmler, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Heinrich Himmler.
Mbiri ya Himmler
Heinrich Himmler adabadwa pa Okutobala 7, 1900 ku Munich. Anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja losavuta la Akatolika achangu.
Abambo ake, a Joseph Gebhard, anali aphunzitsi, ndipo amayi ake, a Anna Maria, anali nawo pantchito yolera ana ndikuyendetsa nyumba. Kuphatikiza pa Heinrich, m'banja la Himmler, anyamata ena awiri adabadwa - Gebhard ndi Ernst.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ali mwana, Henry sanali wathanzi, ankadwala zilonda zam'mimba komanso matenda ena. Ali mwana, tsiku lililonse ankakonda kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti akhale wamphamvu.
Himmler ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 10, adayamba kulemba zolemba, momwe adakambirana zachipembedzo, ndale komanso zogonana. Mu 1915 anakhala Landshut cadet. Patatha zaka 2 adalembedwera mgulu lankhondo.
Pamene Heinrich anali kuphunzira, Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse (1914-1918) inatha, momwe Germany idagonjetsedwa kotheratu. Zotsatira zake, analibe nthawi yakumenya nawo nkhondo.
Chakumapeto kwa 1918, mnyamatayo anabwerera kunyumba, kumene miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake adalowa koleji ku dipatimenti yaulimi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti amakonda agronomy ngakhale paudindo wa Reichsfuehrer, kulamula akaidi kuti amere mbewu zamankhwala.
Pa nthawi ya mbiri yake, Heinrich Himmler adadzionabe ngati Mkatolika, koma nthawi yomweyo adanyansidwa ndi Ayuda. Kenako ku Germany, kudana ndi Semitism kudakulirakulira, zomwe sizingakondweretse Nazi zamtsogolo.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Himmler anali ndi abwenzi ambiri achiyuda, omwe anali nawo mwaulemu komanso mwaulemu. Panthawiyo, Heinrich adayesetsa kuti apite kunkhondo. Ntchito yake italephera, adayamba kucheza ndi atsogoleri ankhondo.
Mwamunayo adakwanitsa kudziwa Ernst Rem, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa Storm Troops (SA). Himmler adayang'ana mwachidwi Rem, yemwe adadutsa pankhondo yonse, ndipo pamalangizo ake adalumikizana ndi gulu lotsutsana ndi achi Semiti "Society of the Imperial Banner".
Ndale
Pakatikati mwa 1923, Heinrich adalowa NSDAP, pambuyo pake adatenga nawo gawo pa Beer Putsch yotchuka, pomwe a Nazi adayesa kupanga coup. Pa nthawi ya mbiri yake, adayamba kukhala wandale, akufuna kukonza zinthu ku Germany.
Komabe, kulephera kwa Beer Putsch sikunalole kuti Himmler apambane pa Olimpiki yandale, chifukwa chake adayenera kubwerera kwawo kwa makolo ake. Pambuyo pazovuta zingapo, adayamba kukhala wamanjenje, wankhanza komanso wosakhazikika.
Kumapeto kwa 1923, a Henry adasiya chikhulupiriro chachikatolika, pambuyo pake adaphunzira zamatsenga. Ankasangalalanso ndi nthano zaku Germany komanso malingaliro a Nazi.
Adolf Hitler atamangidwa, adagwiritsa ntchito chipwirikiti chomwe chidayamba, adakhala pafupi ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa NSDAP, a Gregor Strasser, omwe adamupanga kukhala mlembi wawo wofalitsa nkhani zabodza.
Zotsatira zake, Himmler sanakhumudwitse abwana ake. Anayenda kudera lonse la Bavaria, komwe adalimbikitsa Ajeremani kuti alowe chipani cha Nazi. Akuyenda kuzungulira dzikolo, adawona zovuta za anthu, makamaka osauka. Komabe, mwamunayo anali wotsimikiza kuti ndi Ayuda okha omwe adayambitsa chiwonongekocho.
A Heinrich Himmler adasanthula kwambiri za kuchuluka kwa Ayuda, Freemason ndi adani andale a Nazi. M'chilimwe cha 1925 adalowa nawo National Socialist German Workers 'Party, yomwe idapangidwanso ndi Hitler.
Pambuyo pazaka zingapo, Himmler adalangiza Hitler kuti akhazikitse gulu la SS, momwe mudzakhale Aryan okhaokha. Pozindikira luso komanso zokhumba za Heinrich, mtsogoleri wachipanichi adamupanga kukhala Wachiwiri kwa Reichsfuehrer SS koyambirira kwa 1929.
Mutu wa SS
Zaka zingapo kuchokera pamene Himmler adayamba kugwira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa omenyera SS kunakwera pafupifupi maulendo 10. Gulu la Nazi litalandira ufulu kuchokera ku Gulu Lankhondo Lamphepo, adaganiza zopanga yunifolomu yakuda m'malo mwabulauni.
Mu 1931, Heinrich adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa chinsinsi, SD, motsogozedwa ndi Heydrich. Anthu ambiri aku Germany adalota zolowa nawo SS, koma chifukwa cha izi amayenera kutsata mitundu yokhwima ndikukhala ndi "ma Nordic."
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Hitler adakweza mtsogoleri wa SS kuti akhale Obergruppenführer. Komanso, a Fuehrer adagwirizana ndi malingaliro a Himmler opanga Special Unit (pambuyo pake "Imperial Security Service").
Heinrich adayika mphamvu yayikulu, chifukwa chake adakhala m'modzi mwamphamvu kwambiri ku Germany. Mu 1933 amamanga msasa woyamba wachibalo, Dachau, komwe poyamba anali adani andale a Nazi okha omwe adatumizidwa.
Popita nthawi, achifwamba, osowa pokhala komanso oimira mitundu "yotsika" adayamba kukhala ku Dachau. Pa kuyambitsa kwa Himmler, kuyesa koyipa kwa anthu kunayamba pano, pomwe akaidi zikwizikwi adamwalira.
M'ngululu ya 1934, Goering adasankha Himmler kuti azitsogolera apolisi achinsinsi a Gestapo. Heinrich adatenga nawo gawo pokonzekera "Night of Long Knives" - kuphedwa mwankhanza kwa Adolf Hitler pa asitikali aku SA, komwe kunachitika pa 30 Juni 1934. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti anali Himmler yemwe ananamizira zabodza za milandu yambiri ya ophulitsa mvula yamkuntho.
Anazi adachita izi kuti athetse opikisana nawo omwe angakhale nawo komanso kuti akhale ndi mphamvu zambiri mdzikolo. M'chilimwe cha 1936, a Fuehrer adasankha Heinrich mtsogoleri wamkulu wazantchito zonse za apolisi aku Germany, zomwe amafuna.
Ayuda ndi projekiti ya Gemini
Mu Meyi 1940, Himmler adakhazikitsa malamulo angapo - "Chithandizo cha anthu ena Kum'mawa", chomwe adauza Hitler kuti awalingalire. Mwanjira zambiri, ndikugonjera kwake, mpaka 300,000 Ayuda, Gypsies ndi Communist adathetsedwa koyambirira kwa chaka chamawa.
Kuphedwa kwa nzika zosalakwa kunali kwakukulu komanso kopanda umunthu kotero kuti psyche ya ogwira ntchito a Henry sakanatha kupirira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pomwe Himmler adapemphedwa kuti athetse kuwonongedwa kwa akaidi, adati ili ndi lamulo la Fuhrer ndikuti Ayuda ndi omwe amanyamula malingaliro achikomyunizimu. Pambuyo pake, adati aliyense amene akufuna kusiya kuyeretsa atha kukhala m'malo mwa ozunzidwa.
Pofika nthawi imeneyo, a Heinrich Himmler anali atamanga pafupifupi misasa yachibalo pafupifupi khumi ndi iwiri, momwe anthu masauzande ambiri amaphedwa tsiku lililonse. Asitikali aku Germany atalanda mayiko osiyanasiyana, Einsatzgruppen adalowa m'malo olanda ndikuwononga Ayuda ndi "anthu ena".
Mu nthawi ya 1941-1942. pafupifupi akaidi 2.8 miliyoni aku Soviet anafera m'misasa. Munthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse (1939-1945), mpaka 3.3 miliyoni nzika zaku Soviet Union zidazunzidwa m'misasa yachibalo, ambiri mwa iwo adamwalira ndikuphedwa komanso ali muzipinda zamafuta.
Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa anthu omwe amatsutsana ndi Ulamuliro Wachitatu, Himmler adapitilizabe kuyesa kuyesa akaidi. Adatsogolera ntchito ya Gemini, pomwe madotolo a Nazi adayesa mankhwala kwa akaidi.
Akatswiri amakono amakhulupirira kuti a Nazi amafuna kuti apange munthu wapamwamba. Ozunzidwa modzidzimutsa nthawi zambiri anali ana omwe amafa chifukwa chofera kapena amakhala olumala kwa moyo wawo wonse.
Gulu lomwe linatsagana ndi Gemini linali Ahnenerbe Project (1935-1945), bungwe lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kuti liphunzire miyambo, mbiri ndi cholowa cha mtundu waku Germany.
Ogwira ntchito amayenda kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi, akuyesera kuti apeze zojambula zamphamvu yakale yamtundu waku Germany. Ndalama zazikulu zidaperekedwa pantchitoyi, zomwe zidalola mamembala ake kukhala ndi zonse zofunika pakufufuza kwawo.
Kumapeto kwa nkhondo, a Heinrich Himmler adakonza zokhalanso pamtendere ndi adani ake, pozindikira kuti dziko la Germany lidzalephera. Komabe, sanachite bwino pantchito yake.
Kumapeto kwa Epulo 1945, Fuhrer adamutcha wosakhulupilira ndikumulamula kuti apeze Heinrich ndikumuwononga. Komabe, panthawiyo, mtsogoleri wa SS anali atachoka kale kudera lomwe linali m'manja mwa Germany.
Moyo waumwini
Himmler anali wokwatiwa ndi namwino Margaret von Boden, yemwe anali wamkulu zaka 7. Popeza kuti mtsikanayo anali Mpulotesitanti, makolo a Henry sanatsutse ukwatiwu.
Komabe, mchilimwe cha 1928, achinyamata adakwatirana. Muukwatiwu, mtsikanayo Gudrun adabadwa (Gudrun adamwalira ku 2018 ndipo mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake adathandizira abambo ake ndi malingaliro a Nazi. Adapereka thandizo losiyanasiyana kwa omwe kale anali asitikali a SS ndikupita kumisonkhano ya Nazi).
Komanso, a Heinrich ndi Margaret adakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna wobereka yemwe adatumikira mu SS ndipo anali ku ukapolo ku Soviet. Atamasulidwa, adagwira ntchito ngati mtolankhani, akumwalira wopanda mwana.
Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo, ubale pakati pa okwatiranawo udayamba kuzirala, chifukwa chake amawonetsa mwamuna ndi mkazi wokonda, m'malo momwe analili. Posakhalitsa Himmler anali ndi ambuye pamaso pa mlembi wake dzina lake Hedwig Potthast.
Chifukwa cha ubalewu, wamkulu wa SS anali ndi ana apathengo awiri - mnyamata Helge ndi mtsikana Nanette Dorothea.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Himmler nthawi zonse amakhala atanyamula Bhagavad Gita - limodzi mwa mabuku opatulika achihindu. Amawona ngati chitsogozo chabwino kwambiri pakuwopseza komanso nkhanza. Ndi nzeru za bukuli, adatsimikizira ndikudziwitsa anthu za kuphedwa kwa Nazi.
Imfa
Himmler sanasinthe mfundo zake ngakhale atagonjetsedwa ku Germany. Adafuna kutsogolera dzikolo atagonjetsedwa, koma zoyesayesa zake zonse sizinaphule kanthu. Pambuyo pokana komaliza kwa Purezidenti wa Reich Doenitz, adapita mobisa.
Heinrich adachotsa magalasi ake, adavala bandeji ndipo, atavala yunifolomu ya wamkulu wa apolisi, adalowera kumalire aku Danish ndi zikalata zabodza. Pa Meyi 21, 1945, pafupi ndi tawuni ya Meinstedt, pansi pa dzina la Heinrich Hitzinger (mofanana ndi mawonekedwe ake omwe adawomberedwa kale), Himmler ndi anthu awiri amalingaliro ngati omwe adamangidwa ndi omwe kale anali akaidi aku Soviet Union.
Pambuyo pake, m'modzi mwa akuluakulu a Nazi adatengedwa kupita ku kampu yaku Britain kuti akafunsidwe mafunso. Posakhalitsa, Heinrich adavomereza kuti anali ndani kwenikweni.
Munthawi yamayesero amndende, mndendeyo adalumphira mu kapisozi ndi poizoni, yemwe anali mkamwa mwake nthawi zonse. Patatha mphindi 15, adotolo adalemba kuti wamwalira. Heinrich Himmler adamwalira pa 23 Meyi 1945 ali ndi zaka 44.
Thupi lake linaikidwa m'manda pafupi ndi Luneburg Heath. Malo enieni oikidwa m'manda a Nazi sanadziwikebe mpaka pano. Mu 2008, nyuzipepala yaku Germany Der Spiegel idamutcha Himmler ngati wopanga chipani cha Nazi komanso m'modzi mwa anthu opha anthu ambiri m'mbiri ya anthu.
Zithunzi za Himmler
