Leningrad kutsekedwa - kulanda mzinda wa Leningrad (komwe tsopano ndi St.
Kuzingidwa kwa Leningrad ndiimodzi mwazomvetsa chisoni kwambiri ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, masamba olimba mtima m'mbiri ya Great Patriotic War. Zinatha kuyambira pa Seputembara 8, 1941 mpaka pa Januware 27, 1944 (mphete yomwe idatsekedwa idasweka pa Januware 18, 1943) - masiku 872.
Madzulo a blockade, mzindawu sunakhale ndi chakudya chokwanira ndi mafuta okwanira kuzinga kwanthawi yayitali. Izi zidadzetsa njala yathunthu, ndipo chifukwa chake, zidapha anthu zikwi mazana ambiri pakati pa nzika.
Letsanirad sanachitepo ndi cholinga chopereka mzindawo, koma kuti izi zitheke kuwononga anthu onse ozunguliridwa ndi mzindawu.
Leningrad blockade
Nazi Germany zikaukira USSR mu 1941, utsogoleri wa Soviet udawonekeratu kuti Leningrad posakhalitsa adzakhala m'modzi mwa anthu otsogola pamikangano ya Germany-Soviet.
Pachifukwa ichi, aboma adalamula kuti asamuke mzindawu, womwe umayenera kutulutsa nzika zake zonse, mabizinesi, zida zankhondo ndi zinthu zaluso. Komabe, palibe amene anawerenga pa blockade wa Leningrad.
Adolf Hitler, malinga ndi umboni wa omwe anali nawo, anali ndi njira yapadera yolanda Leningrad. Sanafune kwambiri kuti awulande kungoti awupukute pankhope pa dziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, adakonza zothetsa nzika zonse zaku Soviet Union zomwe mzindawu unali kunyadira kwawo.
Madzulo a blockade
Malinga ndi pulani ya Barbarossa, asitikali aku Germany amayenera kulowa Leningrad kumapeto kwa Julayi. Poona mdaniyo akupita patsogolo, gulu lankhondo laku Soviet Union mwachangu linamanga nyumba zotetezera ndikukonzekera kutuluka mzindawo.
Olamulira modzipereka anathandiza a Red Army kuti amange malinga, komanso adalowa nawo mgulu la gulu lankhondo la anthu. Anthu onse mwachangu chimodzi adalimbana kuti alimbane ndi omwe awukirawo. Zotsatira zake, chigawo cha Leningrad chidadzazidwa ndi asitikali ena pafupifupi 80,000.
Joseph Stalin analamula kuti ateteze Leningrad mpaka dontho lotsiriza la magazi. Pachifukwa ichi, kuwonjezera pa kulimba kwa nthaka, chitetezo chamlengalenga chinachitikanso. Pachifukwa ichi, mfuti zotsutsana ndi ndege, ndege, zowunikira komanso kukhazikitsa ma radar.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chitetezo chamlengalenga chomwe chidapangidwa mwachangu chachita bwino kwambiri. Kwenikweni pa tsiku lachiwiri lankhondo, palibe wankhondo aliyense waku Germany yemwe adatha kulowa m'bwalo lamzindamo.
M'chilimwe choyamba, zigawenga 17 zidachitika, momwe a Nazi adagwiritsa ntchito ndege zoposa 1,500. Ndege 28 zokha zidadutsa Leningrad, ndipo 232 mwa iwo adaphedwa ndi asitikali aku Soviet. Komabe, pa Julayi 10, 1941, gulu lankhondo la Hitler linali kale 200 km kuchokera kumzinda wa Neva.
Gawo loyamba lachangu
Sabata imodzi nkhondo itayamba, pa June 29, 1941, ana pafupifupi 15,000 adasamutsidwa ku Leningrad. Komabe, iyi inali gawo loyamba lokha, popeza boma lidakonza zotenga mumzinda mpaka ana 390,000.
Ambiri mwa ana adasamutsidwa kumwera kwa dera la Leningrad. Koma ndipomwe pomwe a fascists adayamba kukwiya. Pachifukwa ichi, atsikana ndi anyamata pafupifupi 170,000 adabwezedwa ku Leningrad.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti zikwi mazana ambiri za akulu amayenera kuchoka mumzindawu, mofananamo ndi mabizinesi. Nzika sizinkafuna kuchoka m'nyumba zawo, kukayika kuti nkhondoyo ingapitirire kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, ogwira ntchito m'makomiti opangidwa mwapadera amaonetsetsa kuti anthu ndi zida atulutsidwa mwachangu, kudzera mumisewu ikuluikulu ndi njanji.
Malinga ndi zomwe Commission idachita, Leningrad isanachitike, anthu 488,000 adasamutsidwa mumzinda, komanso othawa kwawo 147,500 omwe adafika kumeneko. Pa Ogasiti 27, 1941, kulumikizana kwa njanji pakati pa Leningrad ndi USSR yonse kudasokonekera, ndipo pa Seputembara 8, kulumikizana kumtunda kunathetsedwanso. Linali tsiku ili lomwe lidakhala poyambira pomwe mzindawo udatsekedwa.
Masiku oyamba a blockade wa Leningrad
Malinga ndi lamulo la Hitler, asitikali ake amayenera kutenga Leningrad mu mphete ndipo nthawi zonse amawaponyera zida zoopsa. Ajeremani adakonza zolimbitsa mphetezo pang'onopang'ono ndikulanda mzindawu chilichonse.
Fuhrer ankaganiza kuti Leningrad sakanakhoza kupirira kuzunguliridwa yaitali ndipo mwamsanga kudzipereka. Sanathe ngakhale kuganiza kuti malingaliro ake onse akwaniritsidwa.
Nkhani yotsekereza a Leningrad idakhumudwitsa Ajeremani, omwe sanafune kukhala m'malo ozizira. Pofuna kusangalatsa asirikali, a Hitler adalongosola zomwe adachita posafuna kuwononga chuma ndi luso ku Germany. Ananenanso kuti posachedwa njala iyamba mumzindawu, ndipo nzika zake zitha kufa.
Ndizomveka kunena kuti pamlingo winawake Ajeremani anali opanda pake kuti angodzipereka, chifukwa amayenera kupatsa akaidiwo chakudya, ngakhale atakhala ochepa. M'malo mwake, a Hitler adalimbikitsa asitikali kuti aphulitse mzindawu mopanda chifundo, ndikuwononga anthu wamba ndi zida zake zonse.
Popita nthawi, panali mafunso mosakayikira ngati zinali zotheka kupewa zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimabweretsa kulanda kwa Leningrad.
Masiku ano, ndi zikalata ndi nkhani za mboni zowona ndi maso, palibe kukaikira kuti a Leningrad sanakhale ndi mwayi wopulumuka ngati avomera kudzipereka mzindawo. Anazi sanafunikire akaidi.
Moyo wa Leningrad atazingidwa
Boma la Soviet mwadala silinaulule ku blockades chithunzi chenicheni cha zinthu, kuti asafooketse mzimu wawo ndikuyembekeza chipulumutso. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi nkhondoyi zidaperekedwa mwachidule momwe zingathere.
Posakhalitsa, munasowa chakudya chachikulu mumzindawu, chifukwa cha njala yayikulu. Pasanapite nthawi magetsi anazima ku Leningrad, kenako madzi ndi zimbudzi zinatha.
Mzindawu unkazunguliridwa ndi zipolopolo kwamuyaya. Anthu anali ovuta mwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo. Aliyense amayang'ana chakudya momwe angathere, akuwona momwe anthu ambiri kapena mazana amafa ndi kusowa zakudya m'thupi tsiku lililonse. Pachiyambi pomwe, a Nazi adakwanitsa kuphulitsa nyumba zosungiramo za Badayev, pomwe shuga, ufa ndi batala zidawotchedwa pamoto.
Otsitsimula ankamvetsetsa zomwe adataya. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ankakhala ku Leningrad. Kupereka kwa mzindawo kumadalira kwathunthu pazogulitsa zotumizidwa kunja, zomwe pambuyo pake zimaperekedwa pa Road of Life yotchuka.
Anthu amalandira mkate ndi zinthu zina pamakhadi olandirira, atayima pamizere yayikulu. Komabe, a Leningrader adapitiliza kugwira ntchito m'mafakitale, ndipo ana amapita kusukulu. Pambuyo pake, omwe adadzionera okha omwe adapulumuka pa blockade amavomereza kuti makamaka omwe anali kuchita zinazake adatha kupulumuka. Ndipo anthu omwe amafuna kupulumutsa mphamvu pokhala kunyumba nthawi zambiri amafera m'nyumba zawo.
Njira yamoyo
Njira yokhayo yolumikizana pakati pa Leningrad ndi dziko lonse lapansi inali Lake Ladoga. Molunjika m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zogulitsidwazo zidatsitsidwa mwachangu, popeza Road of Life idawotcheredwa nthawi zonse ndi Ajeremani.
Asitikali aku Soviet Union adakwanitsa kubweretsa gawo locheperako la chakudya, koma ngati sichoncho, kuchuluka kwa anthu akumatawuni kukadakhala kochulukirapo.
M'nyengo yozizira, sitima zikalephera kubweretsa katundu, magalimoto amatumiza chakudya molunjika pa ayezi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti magalimoto amatengera chakudya kumzindawu, ndipo anthu amabwezedwa. Nthawi yomweyo, magalimoto ambiri adagwa m'madzi oundana ndikupita pansi.
Chothandizira cha ana ku kumasulidwa kwa Leningrad
Anawo adayankha ndi chidwi chachikulu poyitanidwa ndi akuluakulu aboma. Anasonkhanitsa zitsulo zopangira zida zankhondo ndi zipolopolo, zotengera zosakanikirana, zovala zotentha ku Red Army, komanso anathandiza madokotala muzipatala.
Anyamatawa anali pantchito padenga la nyumba, okonzeka kuzimitsa mabomba oyaka nthawi iliyonse ndipo potero amapulumutsa nyumbazo pamoto. "Alonda a padenga la Leningrad" - dzina lotchulidwira lomwe adalandira pakati pa anthu.
Pamene, panthawi yophulitsa bomba, aliyense adathawa kubisala, "alonda", m'malo mwake, adakwera padenga kuzimitsa zipolopolo zomwe zidagwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ana otopa komanso otopa adayamba kupanga zipolopolo pazenera, kukumba ngalande ndikupanga mipanda yosiyanasiyana.
M'zaka blockade wa Leningrad anafa chiwerengero chachikulu cha ana, amene, mwa zochita zawo, analimbikitsa akulu ndi asilikali.
Kukonzekera kuchitapo kanthu mwanzeru
M'chaka cha 1942, Leonid Govorov anasankhidwa kukhala wamkulu wa magulu onse a Leningrad Front. Anaphunzira njira zosiyanasiyana kwakanthawi ndipo adapanga kuwerengera kuti apange chitetezo.
Govorov adasintha malo okhala zida zankhondo, zomwe zidakulitsa kuwombera pamalo a adani.
Komanso, a Nazi amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zochulukirapo pomenya nkhondo ndi zida zankhondo zaku Soviet Union. Zotsatira zake, zipolopolo zinayamba kugwa ku Leningrad pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri.
Mtsogoleriyo mosamala kwambiri anakonza njira yoti agumukire malo ozungulira mzinda wa Leningrad, pang'onopang'ono atachotsa mayunitsi omwe anali kutsogolo kwa omenyera nkhondo.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti Ajeremani adakhazikika pa banki ya 6 mita, yomwe idasefukira kwathunthu ndi madzi. Zotsatira zake, malo otsetsereka adakhala ngati mapiri a ayezi, omwe anali ovuta kukwera.
Nthawi yomweyo, asitikali aku Russia amayenera kugunda pafupifupi 800 m pamtsinje wouma kupita kumalo osankhidwa.
Popeza asirikali anali atatopa chifukwa chakuletsa kwanthawi yayitali, panthawi yoyipa Govorov adalamula kuti asafuule "Hurray !!!" kuti asapulumutse mphamvu. M'malo mwake, kuukira kwa Red Army kunachitika ku nyimbo za oimba.
Yojambula ndi kukweza blockade wa Leningrad
Woyang'anira m'deralo adaganiza zoyamba kudutsa mpheteyo pa Januware 12, 1943. Opaleshoniyi idatchedwa "Iskra". Kuukira kwa asitikali aku Russia kudayamba ndikuwombera kwakanthawi kwa malinga aku Germany. Pambuyo pake, a Nazi adaphulitsidwa bomba lonse.
Maphunzirowa, omwe adachitika kwa miyezi ingapo, sanali pachabe. Kutayika kwa anthu m'magulu ankhondo a Soviet kunali kochepa. Titafika pamalo osankhidwawo, asitikali athu mothandizidwa ndi "crampons", ngowe ndi makwerero ataliatali, adakwera mwachangu khoma la ayezi, ndikumenya nkhondo ndi mdani.
M'mawa wa Januware 18, 1943, msonkhano wamagulu aku Soviet Union unachitikira kumpoto kwa Leningrad. Pamodzi adamasula Shlisselburg ndikukweza zolepheretsa kugombe la Lake Ladoga. Kukonzanso kwathunthu kwa Leningrad kunachitika pa Januware 27, 1944.
Zotsatira za blockade
Malinga ndi wafilosofi wina wazandale Michael Walzer, "Anthu wamba ambiri adamwalira atazunguliridwa ndi Leningrad kuposa ma hells aku Hamburg, Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki ophatikizidwa."
M'masiku a blockade a Leningrad, malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, anthu 600,000 mpaka 1.5 miliyoni adamwalira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ndi 3% yokha mwa iwo omwe adamwalira ndi zipolopolo, pomwe ena 97% otsala adamwalira ndi njala.
Chifukwa cha njala yayikulu mumzindawu, milandu yokhudza kudya anzawo idalembedwa, kufa kwachilengedwe kwa anthu komanso kupha.
Chithunzi cha kuzingidwa kwa Leningrad
