David Gilbert (1862-1943) - Wophunzira masamu ku Germany, adathandizira kwambiri pakukweza madera ambiri a masamu.
Membala wamaphunziro osiyanasiyana a sayansi, komanso wopambana wa. Ndi Lobachevsky. Iye anali mmodzi mwa akatswiri a masamu pakati pa anthu a m'nthawi yake.
Hilbert ndi mlembi wa ma axiomatics oyamba a Euclidean geometry ndi chiphunzitso cha malo a Hilbert. Adapereka zopereka zazikulu kuziphunzitso zosasinthika, general algebra, fizikiki ya masamu, masanjidwe ofanana, ndi maziko a masamu.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Gilbert, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya David Hilbert.
Mbiri ya Gilbert
David Hilbert adabadwa pa Januware 23, 1862 mumzinda wa Prussian ku Konigsberg. Anakulira m'banja la Woweruza Otto Gilbert ndi mkazi wake Maria Teresa.
Kuphatikiza pa iye, mtsikana wotchedwa Eliza adabadwa kwa makolo a David.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ngakhale ali mwana, Gilbert anali ndi chizolowezi chofuna kudziwa sayansi. Mu 1880 adamaliza maphunziro ake kusekondale, pambuyo pake adakhala wophunzira ku University of Königsberg.
Ku yunivesite, David adakumana ndi Hermann Minkowski ndi Adolf Hurwitz, omwe adakhala nawo nthawi yambiri yopuma.
Anyamatawo adafunsa mafunso osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi masamu, kuyesera kupeza mayankho awo. Nthawi zambiri amatenga mayendedwe otchedwa "masamu", pomwe amapitiliza kukambirana nawo nkhani zomwe zimawasangalatsa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mtsogolomo Hilbert, mwa dongosolo, amalimbikitsa ophunzira ake kuti azichita izi.
Zochita zasayansi
Ali ndi zaka 23, David adatha kuteteza zolemba zake pamalingaliro osintha, ndipo patangopita chaka chimodzi adakhala pulofesa wa masamu ku Konigsberg.
Mnyamatayo adayandikira kuphunzitsa ndi udindo wonse. Adayesetsa kufotokoza izi kwa ophunzirawo momwe angathere, chifukwa chake adadziwika kuti ndi mphunzitsi wabwino.
Mu 1888, a Hilbert adakwanitsa kuthana ndi "vuto la Gordan" komanso kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa maziko amachitidwe aliwonse osasintha. Chifukwa cha ichi, adatchuka pakati pa akatswiri a masamu aku Europe.
David ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 33, adapeza ntchito ku Yunivesite ya Göttingen, komwe adagwira ntchito mpaka kumwalira kwake.
Posakhalitsa wasayansi adatulutsa monograph "Report on Numbers", kenako "maziko a Geometry", omwe adalandiridwa mu sayansi.
Mu 1900, pamsonkhano wina wapadziko lonse lapansi, a Hilbert adalemba mndandanda wodziwika wa mavuto 23 osasinthidwa. Mavutowa adzakambidwa momveka bwino ndi akatswiri a masamu mzaka zam'ma 2000 izi.
Mwamunayo nthawi zambiri ankakambirana ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana a zamatsenga, kuphatikiza a Henri Poincaré. Anatinso kuti vuto lililonse la masamu lili ndi yankho, chifukwa chake adalimbikitsa axiomatize fizikiya.
Kuyambira 1902, a Hilbert adapatsidwa udindo wokhala mkonzi wamkulu wa buku lamasamu lodalirika "Mathematische Annalen".
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, David adayambitsa lingaliro lomwe lidayamba kudziwika kuti Hilbert space, lomwe lidapanga malo a Euclidean kukhala mulingo wopandamalire. Lingaliro limeneli linali lopambana osati masamu okha, komanso mu sayansi zina zenizeni.
Pomwe nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse idayamba (1914-1918), a Hilbert adatsutsa zomwe asitikali aku Germany adachita. Sanabwerere pampando mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo, zomwe anapatsidwa ulemu ndi anzawo padziko lonse lapansi.
Wasayansi waku Germany adapitiliza kugwira ntchito mwakhama, ndikufalitsa ntchito zatsopano. Zotsatira zake, University of Göttingen idakhala imodzi mwamalo opambana masamu padziko lapansi.
Pofika nthawi yolemba mbiri yake, a David Hilbert adatsimikizira chiphunzitso cha osintha, chiphunzitso cha manambala a algebraic, mfundo ya Dirichlet, adapanga lingaliro la Galois, komanso adathetsa vuto la Waring mu lingaliro la manambala.
M'zaka za m'ma 1920, Hilbert adachita chidwi ndi masamu, ndikupanga umboni womveka bwino. Komabe, pambuyo pake amavomereza kuti chiphunzitso chake chimafunikira ntchito yayikulu.
David anali ndi malingaliro akuti masamu amafunikira kupanga kwathunthu. Nthawi yomweyo, adatsutsa zoyesayesa za akatswiri amalingaliro kuti akhazikitse zoletsa masamu (mwachitsanzo, kuletsa chiphunzitso kapena mfundo zosankha).
Mawu ngati awa aku Germany adadzetsa chisokonezo m'magulu asayansi. Ambiri mwa omwe amagwira nawo ntchito adatsutsa zomwe amakhulupirira, ndikuzitcha kuti pseudoscientific.
Mu fizikiya, Hilbert anali wothandizira njira yolimba ya axiomatic. Limodzi mwa malingaliro ake ofunikira kwambiri mu fizikiki amawerengedwa kuti ndi kutengera magawo ofanana m'munda.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ma equation awa analinso osangalatsa kwa Albert Einstein, chifukwa chake asayansi onse anali m'makalata otsogola. Makamaka, m'magulu ambiri, a Hilbert adakopa kwambiri Einstein, yemwe mtsogolo adzakhazikitsa lingaliro lake lotchuka lachiyanjano.
Moyo waumwini
Pamene David anali ndi zaka 30, adatenga Kete Erosh kukhala mkazi wake. Muukwatiwu, mwana wamwamuna yekhayo, Franz, anabadwa, yemwe anali ndi matenda amisala osadziwika.
Nzeru zochepa za Franz zidamudetsa nkhawa kwambiri Hilbert, monganso mkazi wake.
Ali mwana, wasayansi anali membala wa tchalitchi cha Calvinist, koma pambuyo pake adakhala wosakhulupirira.
Zaka zapitazi ndi imfa
Hitler atayamba kulamulira, iye ndi omvera ake adayamba kuchotsa Ayuda. Pachifukwa ichi, aphunzitsi ambiri ndi akatswiri ochokera ku Chiyuda adakakamizidwa kuthawira kunja.
Bernhard Rust, nduna ya zamaphunziro ya Nazi, adafunsa a Hilbert kuti: "Masamu ali bwanji ku Göttingen tsopano, atachotsa mphamvu zachiyuda?" A Hilbert adayankha mwachisoni kuti: "Masamu ku Göttingen? Iye kulibenso. "
David Hilbert adamwalira pa February 14, 1943 kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse (1939-1945). Anthu osapitirira khumi ndi awiri adabwera kudzawona wasayansi wamkulu paulendo wake womaliza.
Pamwala wapamanda wa katswiri wa masamu panali mawu omwe amakonda kwambiri: Tidziwa. "
Chithunzi cha Gilbert
