Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - Wafilosofi wachifalansa, masamu, makaniko, fizikiki ndi physiologist, wopanga ma analytical geometry ndi zamakono zamakono algebraic, wolemba njira yokaikira kukayikira kwakukulu mufilosofi, makina mu fizikiya, wotsogola wa reflexology.
Mbiri ya Descartes ili ndi zambiri, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Rene Descartes.
Mbiri ya Descartes
René Descartes adabadwira mumzinda waku Lae ku France pa Marichi 31, 1596. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pambuyo pake mzindawu udzatchedwa Descartes.
Wafilosofi wamtsogolo adachokera ku banja lakale, koma losauka. Kuphatikiza pa iye, makolo a Rene anali ndi ana amuna ena awiri.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Descartes anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la Woweruza Joaquim ndi mkazi wake Jeanne Brochard. Pamene Rene anali ndi chaka chimodzi, amayi ake adamwalira.
Popeza abambo ake ankagwira ntchito ku Rennes, samapezeka kawirikawiri kunyumba. Pachifukwa ichi, mnyamatayo adaleredwa ndi agogo ake akuchikazi.
Descartes anali mwana wofooka kwambiri komanso wodwala. Komabe, mwachidwi adatenga chidziwitso chosiyanasiyana ndikukonda sayansi kotero kuti mutu wabanjayo adamutcha "nthanthi yaying'ono."
Mwanayo adalandira maphunziro ake oyambira ku koleji ya Jesuit ku La Flèche, pomwe idalimbikitsa kwambiri kuphunzira zamulungu.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pomwe Rene amalandila chidziwitso chachipembedzo, adayamba kukayikira kwambiri akatswiri anzeru a nthawiyo.
Ali ndi zaka 16, a Descartes adamaliza maphunziro awo kukoleji, pambuyo pake adaphunzira zamalamulo kwakanthawi ku Poitiers. Pokhala bachelor of law, mnyamatayo adapita ku Paris, komwe adalowa usilikali. Rene adamenya nkhondo ku Holland, yomwe idamenyera ufulu wawo, komanso adatenga nawo gawo pankhondo yayitali ku Prague.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, a Descartes adakumana ndi wafilosofi wotchuka komanso wamasamu Isaac Beckmann, yemwe adamupangitsa kuti akhale ndi umunthu wabwino.
Atabwerera ku Paris, Rene adazunzidwa ndi maJesuit, omwe adamutsutsa chifukwa choganizira zaulere ndikumunamizira kuti ndi wopanduka. Pachifukwa ichi, wafilosofiyo adakakamizika kuchoka kwawo ku France. Anasamukira ku Holland, komwe adakhala zaka pafupifupi 20 akuphunzira sayansi.
Nzeru
Malingaliro a Descartes adakhazikitsidwa potengera kuphatikizika - lingaliro lomwe limalalikira mfundo ziwiri, zosagwirizana wina ndi mnzake komanso zotsutsana.
Rene amakhulupirira kuti pali zinthu ziwiri zodziyimira pawokha - zabwino komanso zofunikira. Nthawi yomweyo, adazindikira kupezeka kwa mitundu iwiri yazinthu - kuganiza ndi kukulitsidwa.
A Descartes adanenanso kuti wopanga zonsezi ndi Mulungu. Adawalenga molingana ndi mfundo ndi malamulo omwewo.
Wasayansi akufuna kuti adziwe dziko lomwe latizungulira kudzera mumalingaliro. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anavomereza kuti maganizo aumunthu ndi opanda ungwiro ndipo ndi operewera kwambiri pa malingaliro angwiro a Mlengi.
Malingaliro a a Descartes pankhani yazidziwitso adakhala maziko a kukhazikika kwamalingaliro.
Kuti adziwe china chake, bambo nthawi zambiri amakayikira zowona zokhazikitsidwa. Mawu ake otchuka adakalipo mpaka lero: "Ndikuganiza - chifukwa chake, ndilipo."
Njira zotsikira
Wasayansiyo amakhulupirira kuti zokumana nazo ndizothandiza m'malingaliro mwawo pokhapokha ngati sizingatheke kudziwa chowonadi mwa kusinkhasinkha chabe. Zotsatira zake, adapeza njira 4 zofunikira kuti apeze chowonadi:
- Wina ayenera kuyamba kuchokera kuzowonekera kwambiri, mopanda kukaikira.
- Funso lililonse liyenera kugawidwa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono momwe angafunikire poyankha.
- Muyenera kuyamba ndi zosavuta, kupitirira zovuta kwambiri.
- Gawo lirilonse, zimafunika kuti zitsimikizire zowona zomaliza zomwe zapezeka kuti pakhale chidziwitso chowona pamapeto pa phunziroli.
Olemba mbiri ya a Descartes adalengeza kuti malamulowa, omwe wafilosofi nthawi zonse amatsatira polemba ntchito zawo, akuwonetsa chikhumbo cha chikhalidwe cha ku Europe cha m'zaka za zana la 17 kusiya malamulo omwe akhazikitsidwa ndikupanga sayansi yatsopano, yothandiza komanso yothandiza.
Masamu ndi sayansi
Ntchito yayikulu yafilosofi ndi masamu ya Rene Descartes imawerengedwa kuti ndi Discourse on Method. Imafotokoza zoyambira za kusanthula kwa masamu, komanso malamulo ophunzirira zida zamagetsi ndi zochitika.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti wasayansi anali woyamba amene anatha kupanga molondola lamulo la kukaniza kuwala. Iye ndiye mlembi wa wotulutsa - mzere pamawu omwe atengedwa pansi pa muzu, kuyambira kutanthauza kuchuluka kosadziwika ndi zizindikilo - "x, y, z", ndi zokhazikika - ndi zizindikilo "a, b, c".
René Descartes adapanga maumboni ovomerezeka, omwe amagwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano kuthana ndi mavuto. Anakwanitsanso kukhazikitsa njira yolumikizira yomwe idathandizira kukulitsa fizikiya ndi masamu.
A Descartes adayang'anitsitsa kuphunzira za algebraic ndi "makina", kuwonetsa kuti palibe njira imodzi yophunzirira ntchito zopitilira muyeso.
Mwamunayo adaphunzira manambala enieni, ndipo pambuyo pake adachita chidwi ndi manambala ovuta. Iye adayambitsa lingaliro la mizu yolakwika yoyipa yolumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la manambala ovuta.
Zomwe René Descartes anachita zinadziwika ndi asayansi ena apamwamba kwambiri panthawiyo. Zomwe anapezazi zinapanga maziko a ntchito yasayansi ya Euler ndi Newton, komanso akatswiri ena masamu.
Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti a Descartes adatsimikizira kukhalako kwa Mulungu malinga ndi malingaliro asayansi, ndikupereka zifukwa zambiri zazikulu.
Moyo waumwini
Zambiri sizikudziwika pamoyo wamunthuyu. Olemba mbiri angapo a Descartes amavomereza kuti sanakwatire.
Atakula, mwamunayo adakondana ndi wantchito yemwe adamutenga pakati ndikubereka mwana wamkazi Francine. Rene adakonda mwana wake wapathengo mpaka chikomokere, yemwe adamwalira ndi scarlet fever ali ndi zaka 5.
Imfa ya Francine inali vuto lalikulu kwa a Descartes komanso tsoka lalikulu m'moyo wake.
M'nthawi ya masamu ananena kuti pagulu iye anali wamwano ndi laconic. Ankakonda kukhala ndekha kwambiri, koma ali ndi abwenzi amatha kukhala omasuka komanso olankhula nawo.
Imfa
Kwa zaka zambiri, a Descartes adazunzidwa chifukwa chalingaliro lake laulere komanso njira yatsopano yasayansi.
Chaka chimodzi asanamwalire, wasayansi uja adakhazikika ku Stockholm, kulandira pempho la mfumukazi yaku Sweden Christina. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti izi zisanachitike anali ndi makalata ataliatali pamitu yosiyanasiyana.
Pafupifupi atangosamukira ku Sweden, wafilosofi uja adadwala chimfine ndipo adamwalira. René Descartes anamwalira pa February 11, 1650 ali ndi zaka 53.
Lero, pali mtundu womwe Descartes adayipitsidwa ndi arsenic. Omwe adayambitsa kupha kwake atha kukhala othandizira ku Tchalitchi cha Katolika, omwe amamuchitira chipongwe.
René Descartes atamwalira, ntchito zake zidaphatikizidwa mu "Index of Forbidden Books", ndipo Louis XIV adalamula kuti liletse kuphunzitsa kwa nzeru zake m'mabungwe onse ophunzira ku France.
Zithunzi ndi Descartes
