Evariste Galois (1811-1832) - Mfalansa waku France, woyambitsa masamu apamwamba amakono a republican. Anamuwombera mu duel ali ndi zaka 20.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Galois, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Evariste Galois.
Mbiri ya Galois
Evarist Galois adabadwa pa Okutobala 25, 1811 mdera laku France ku Bourg-la-Rene. Adakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'mabanja a republican komanso meya wa mzindawo, a Nicolas-Gabriel Galois ndi akazi awo a Adelaide-Marie Demant.
Kuphatikiza pa Evariste, ana ena awiri adabadwa m'banja la Galois.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Mpaka zaka 12, Evariste adaphunzitsidwa motsogozedwa ndi amayi ake, omwe anali odziwa mabuku akale.
Pambuyo pake, mnyamatayo adalowa Royal College ya Louis-le-Grand. Ali ndi zaka 14, anayamba chidwi kwambiri ndi masamu.
Galois adayamba kuphunzira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamasamu, kuphatikiza ntchito za Niels Abelard pantchito yothetsera ma equation a degree. Anadzipereka kwambiri mu sayansi kotero kuti adayamba kudzifufuza.
Pamene Evariste anali ndi zaka 17, adalemba ntchito yake yoyamba. Komabe, panthawiyo, mbiri yake sinadzutse chidwi pakati pa masamu.
Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa chakuti mayankho ake pamavuto nthawi zambiri amapitilira chidziwitso cha aphunzitsi. Nthawi zambiri samalemba papepala malingaliro osawonekera kwa anthu ena.
Maphunziro
Évariste Galois atayesa kulowa mu Ecole Polytechnique, sanathe mayeso kawiri. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kunali kofunikira kwambiri kuti alowe mu bungweli, chifukwa limakhala pothawirapo anthu aku Republican.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zisankho za laconic za mnyamatayo komanso kusowa kwa malongosoledwe apakamwa zidapangitsa kuti mayeso alephereke. Chaka chotsatira, adakanidwa kuti alowe sukulu pazifukwa zomwe zidamukwiyitsa.
Posimidwa, Evariste adaponya chiguduli kwa womuyesa. Pambuyo pake adatumiza ntchito yake kwa katswiri wamasamu waku France Cauchy. Anayamikila zisankho za mnyamatayo, koma ntchitoyi sinapite ku Paris Academy yampikisano wamasamu, popeza Cauchy adatayika.
Mu 1829, m'Jesuit adafalitsa timapepala tomwe timanena kuti tidalembedwa ndi abambo a Evariste (Nicholas-Gabriel Galois anali wotchuka polemba timabuku toseketsa). Atalephera kupirira manyazi, Galois Sr. adaganiza zodzipha.
Chaka chomwecho, Evariste pomaliza adakwanitsa kukhala wophunzira wa Sukulu Yapamwamba Kwambiri. Komabe, patatha chaka chimodzi cha maphunziro, mnyamatayo adathamangitsidwa m'bungweli, chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pazokambirana zandale zaku Republican.
Kulephera kwa Galois sikudalire pomwepo. Atatumiza ntchito ndi zomwe anapeza ku Fourier kuti achite nawo mpikisano wokalandira mphotho ya Academy of memoirs, adamwalira masiku angapo pambuyo pake.
Zolemba pamanja za katswiri wamasamuyu adatayika kwinakwake ndipo Abel adakhala wopambana mpikisanowu.
Pambuyo pake, Evariste adagawana malingaliro ake ndi Poisson, yemwe anali wotsutsa ntchito ya mnyamatayo. Anatinso kulingalira kwa Galois sikumveka bwino.
Evarist adapitilizabe kulalikira za ma Republican, omwe adamutumiza m'ndende kawiri kwakanthawi.
Pomwe anali mndende komaliza, Galois adadwala, zomwe adapititsidwa kuchipatala. Kumeneko anakumana ndi mtsikana wina dzina lake Stephanie, yemwe anali mwana wa dokotala wotchedwa Jean-Louis.
Olemba mbiri ya Evariste satchula kuti kusowa kwa kubwereranso kwa Stephanie kunali chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa yomvetsa chisoni ya wasayansi wanzeru.
Zokwaniritsa zasayansi
Kwa zaka 20 za moyo wake komanso zaka 4 zokha zakukonda masamu, Galois adakwanitsa kutulukira zinthu zazikulu, zomwe adadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri masamu azaka za 19th.
Mnyamatayo adaphunzira za vuto lopeza yankho lonse ku equation ya digiri, ndikupeza momwe zinthu ziliri kuti mizu ya equation ivomereze malingaliro ake mosasintha.
Nthawi yomweyo, njira zatsopano zomwe Evarist adapeza mayankho amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera.
Wasayansi wachichepereyo adayala maziko a algebra amakono, ndikutuluka pamalingaliro ofunikira ngati gulu (Galois anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito liwu ili, kuphunzira mwakhama magulu ofananira) ndi gawo (magawo omaliza amatchedwa magawo a Galois).
Madzulo a imfa yake, Evarist analemba maphunziro ake angapo. Mwambiri, ntchito zake ndizochepa ndipo zidalembedwa mwachidule kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake omwe anali m'masiku a Galois sanamvetsetse tanthauzo la nkhaniyi.
Patatha zaka makumi angapo wasayansi atamwalira, zomwe adazipeza zidamveka ndikufotokozedwa ndi a Joseph Louisville. Zotsatira zake, ntchito za Evariste zidakhazikitsa maziko a njira yatsopano - chiphunzitso cha zomveka za algebraic.
M'zaka zotsatira, malingaliro a Galois adayamba kutchuka, kutengera masamu pamlingo wapamwamba.
Imfa
Evariste anavulazidwa kwambiri mu duel yomwe idachitika pa Meyi 30, 1862 pafupi ndi malo ena achi Parisian.
Amakhulupirira kuti zomwe zidayambitsa mkanganowu zinali zachikondi, komanso atha kukhala okwiya kwa olamulira achifumuwo.
A duelists adathamangirana wina ndi mnzake kuchokera patali mita zingapo. Chipolopolo chinagunda masamu m'mimba.
Patadutsa maola ochepa, Galois wovulalayo adawonedwa ndi womuyimira yemwe adamuthandiza kupita kuchipatala.
Zolemba za wasayansi mpaka lero sizinganene motsimikiza za zolinga zenizeni za duel, komanso kudziwa dzina la wowomberayo.
Evariste Galois anamwalira tsiku lotsatira, Meyi 31, 1832, ali ndi zaka 20.
Chithunzi ndi Evariste Galois
