Aristotle

Aristotle - Wafilosofi wakale wachi Greek, wachilengedwe, wophunzira wa Plato. Upangiri kwa Alexander Wamkulu, woyambitsa sukulu yodziyimira palokha komanso mfundo zomveka. Amadziwika kuti ndi wafilosofi wodziwika bwino wakale, yemwe adakhazikitsa maziko amasayansi achilengedwe amakono.

Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Aristotle, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Aristotle.

Mbiri ya Aristotle

Aristotle adabadwa mu 384 BC. mumzinda wa Stagira, womwe uli kumpoto kwa Eastern Greece. Polumikizana ndi komwe adabadwira, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Stagirite.

Wafilosofiyo adakula ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la dokotala wobadwa naye Nicomachus ndi mkazi wake Festis. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti abambo a Aristotle anali sing'anga wa mfumu yaku Makedonia Amynta III - agogo a Alexander Wamkulu.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Aristotle anayamba kuphunzira sayansi zosiyanasiyana adakali wamng'ono. Mphunzitsi woyamba wa mnyamatayo anali bambo ake, omwe pazaka zambiri za mbiri yake adalemba ntchito 6 zamankhwala ndi buku limodzi lalingaliro lachilengedwe.

Nicomachus anayesetsa kuti apatse mwana wake maphunziro abwino kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, amafuna kuti Aristotle nawonso akhale dokotala.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti bambo ake anaphunzitsa mnyamatayo osati sayansi yeniyeni yokha, komanso filosofi, yomwe inali yotchuka kwambiri panthawiyo.

Makolo a Aristotle adamwalira adakali wachinyamata. Zotsatira zake, mwamuna wa mlongo wake wamkulu dzina lake Proxen adatenga maphunziro a mnyamatayo.

Mu 367 BC. e. Aristotle anapita ku Athens. Kumeneko anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi ziphunzitso za Plato, kenaka anadzakhala wophunzira wake.

Panthawiyo, mbiri, munthu wofunitsitsa kudziwa chidwi sanali chidwi ndi nzeru za anthu zokha, komanso ndale, biology, zoology, fizikiya ndi sayansi ina. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti adaphunzira ku Plato's academy kwazaka pafupifupi 20.

Aristotle atapanga malingaliro ake pa moyo, adadzudzula malingaliro a Plato okhudza kuphatikizika kwa thupi.

Wafilosofi anayamba chiphunzitso chake - kutchuka kwa mawonekedwe ndi zinthu, komanso kusakanikirana kwa mzimu m'thupi.

Pambuyo pake, Aristotle adalandira mwayi kuchokera kwa Tsar Philip II kuti asamukire ku Makedoniya kukakweza Alexander wachichepere. Zotsatira zake, anali mphunzitsi wa wamkulu wamtsogolo kwa zaka 8.

Aristotle atabwerera ku Athens, adatsegula sukulu yake yafilosofi "Lyceum", yotchedwa sukulu yodziwika bwino.

Chiphunzitso chafilosofi

Aristotle anagawa sayansi yonse m'magulu atatu:

• Ongolankhula - metaphysics, sayansi ndi metaphysics.
• Zothandiza - zamakhalidwe ndi ndale.
• Creative - mitundu yonse ya zaluso, kuphatikiza ndakatulo ndi zongonena.

Ziphunzitso za wafilosofi zidakhazikitsidwa pazinthu zazikulu 4:

1. Nkhani ndi "yomwe imachokera".
2. Fomu ndi "chiyani".
3. Choyambitsa chomwe "chimachokera kuti."
4. Cholinga ndi "chiyani cha chiyani."

Kutengera ndi mfundo zoyambirira, Aristotle adati zomwe ophunzirawo adachita ndi zabwino kapena zoyipa.

Wafilosofi anali kholo la magulu azikhalidwe, omwe analipo chimodzimodzi 10: kuzunzika, udindo, mawonekedwe, malingaliro, kuchuluka, nthawi, mkhalidwe, malo, kukhala ndi zochita.

Chilichonse chomwe chilipo chimagawika m'mapangidwe achilengedwe, dziko la zomera ndi zamoyo, dziko la nyama ndi anthu osiyanasiyana.

Kwa zaka mazana angapo zotsatira, mitundu yazida zaboma zomwe Aristotle adalongosola zidachitika. Adawonetsa masomphenya ake aboma labwino pantchito "Ndale".

Malinga ndi wasayansi, munthu aliyense akwaniritsidwa pagulu, chifukwa samangokhala yekha. Ndi anthu ena, amalumikizidwa ndi mabanja, mabwenzi komanso maubwenzi ena.

Malingana ndi ziphunzitso za Aristotle, cholinga cha mabungwe azachuma sikungotukuka kwachuma kokha, komanso pofuna kukwaniritsa zabwino zonse - eudemonism.

Woganizirayo adazindikira mitundu itatu yaboma yabwino komanso itatu.

• Zabwino - monarchy (autocracy), aristocracy (rule of the best) and polity (state).
• Zoyipa ndizopondereza (ulamuliro wankhanza), oligarchy (ulamuliro wa ochepa) ndi demokalase (ulamuliro wa anthu).

Komanso, Aristotle ankakonda kwambiri zaluso. Mwachitsanzo, poganiza za zisudzo, adazindikira kuti kukhalapo kwa chodabwitsa chotsanzira, chomwe chimakhala mwa munthu, kumamupatsa chisangalalo chenicheni.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za wafilosofi wakale wachi Greek ndi kapangidwe kake "Pa Moyo". Mmenemo, wolemba amafunsa mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi moyo wa moyo wa cholengedwa chilichonse, kufotokoza kusiyana pakati pa kukhalapo kwa munthu, nyama ndi chomera.

Kuphatikiza apo, Aristotle adaganizira zamaganizidwe (kukhudza, kununkhiza, kumva, kulawa ndi kuwona) komanso kuthekera kwa 3 kwa moyo (kukula, kumva ndi kusinkhasinkha).

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti woganiza anafufuza za sayansi zonse zomwe zidalipo nthawi imeneyo. Adalemba mabuku ambiri onena za logic, biology, astronomy, fizikiki, ndakatulo, dialectics ndi zina.

Zosonkhanitsa za wafilosofi amatchedwa "Aristotle's Corpus".

Moyo waumwini

Sitidziwa chilichonse chokhudza moyo wa Aristotle. Amadziwika kuti mzaka za mbiri yake, adakwatirana kawiri.

Mkazi woyamba wa wasayansi anali Pythias, yemwe anali mwana womulera wa wankhanza Assos waku Troad. Muukwatiwu, mtsikanayo Pythias adabadwa.

Mkazi wake atamwalira, Aristotle adakwatirana ndi mtumiki Herpellis, yemwe adamuberekera mwana wamwamuna, Nicomachus.

Munthu wanzeru anali wowongoka komanso wamtima, makamaka pankhani ya filosofi. Nthawi ina adakangana kwambiri ndi Plato, osagwirizana ndi malingaliro ake, kotero adayamba kupewa mwayi wokumana ndi wophunzira.

Imfa

Alesandro Wamkulu atamwalira, kuwukira ulamuliro waku Makedoniya kudayamba kuchitika ku Athens. Panthawi imeneyi mu mbiri ya Aristotle, monga mtsogoleri wakale wa wamkulu, ambiri adanenedwa kuti sakhulupirira Mulungu.

Woganiza amayenera kuchoka ku Athens kuti apewe tsoka lomvetsa chisoni la Socrates - wothiramo poizoni. Mawu omwe ananena "Ndikufuna kupulumutsa Atene ku mlandu watsopano wotsutsana ndi filosofi" pambuyo pake adadziwika kwambiri.

Posakhalitsa, wanzeru, pamodzi ndi ophunzira ake, adapita kuchilumba cha Evia. Patadutsa miyezi iwiri, mu 322 BC, Aristotle adamwalira ndi matenda am'mimba. Pa nthawiyo anali ndi zaka 62.

Chithunzi ndi Aristotle

Onerani kanemayo: Aristotle: LIFE CHANGING Quotes Ancient Greek Philosophy (November 2024).