Ng'ona zamakono zimawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zakale kwambiri zomwe zidalipo - makolo awo adawoneka zaka 80 miliyoni zapitazo. Ndipo ngakhale powoneka ng'ona amafanana kwambiri ndi ma dinosaurs ndi nyama zina zomwe zatha, kuchokera ku lingaliro la biology, mbalame zimayandikana kwambiri ndi ng'ona. Kungoti makolo a mbalame, atafika kumtunda, amakhala komweko, ndipo pambuyo pake adaphunzira kuuluka, ndipo makolo a ng'ona adabwerera m'madzi.
"Ng'ona" ndi dzina wamba. Umu ndi m'mene amatchulidwira kuti ng'ona, anyani, ndi anyaniwa. Pali kusiyana pakati pawo, koma ndizochepa kwenikweni - mu gavials, mphutsi ndi yocheperako, yayitali ndipo imatha ndi mtundu wa kogwirira kozungulira. Mwa ma alligator, pakamwa, mosiyana ndi ng'ona ndi gavial, imatseka kwathunthu.
Panali nthawi yomwe ng'ona zinali pafupi kutha. Kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwawo, ng'ona zidayamba kuweta m'minda yapadera, ndipo pang'onopang'ono ngozi yakutha yomwe imawopseza mitunduyo idazimiririka. Ku Australia, zokwawa zaswana konse kotero kuti zimakhala zowopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama.
Posachedwapa, anthu ayamba kusunga ng'ona monga ziweto. Imeneyi si bizinesi yotsika mtengo (ng'ona yokhayo imawononga ndalama zosachepera $ 1,000, ndipo mukufunikiranso zipinda, madzi, chakudya, kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi zina zambiri) osati zopindulitsa kwambiri - ng'ona ndizosatheka kuphunzitsa, ndipo simungayembekezere kukoma mtima kapena chikondi kuchokera kwa iwo ... Komabe, kufunika kwa ng'ona zoweta kukukulira. Nazi zina zomwe zingakuthandizeni kudziwa bwino zokwawa izi.
1. Ku Igupto wakale, chipembedzo chenicheni cha ng'ona chidalamulira. Mulungu wamkulu-ng'ona anali Sebek. Zolemba zolembedwera zidapezekanso za iye, koma nthawi zambiri Sebek amatha kuwonekera m'mitundu yambiri. Pakumanga ngalande imodzi mdera la Aswan mzaka za 1960, mabwinja a kachisi wa Sebek adapezeka. Panali malo osungira ng'ona, osankhidwa ndi mulungu, komanso malo okhala abale ake. Chofungatira chonse chidapezeka ndi zotsalira za mazira, ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nazale - madamu ang'onoang'ono a ng'ona. Mwambiri, zidziwitso za Agiriki akale zakulemekeza pafupifupi kwamulungu komwe Aiguputo adapereka kwa ng'ona zidatsimikizika. Pambuyo pake, kuikidwa m'manda masauzande ambirimbiri adapezekanso. Poyamba, asayansi amati kumbuyo kwa nsalu, momwe mutu wa ng'ona umatulukira, pali thupi lamunthu, monga m'mizere yambiri yomwe idapulumuka. Komabe, atasanthula maginito a mitemboyo, zidapezeka kuti pamanda onse a ng'ona adapezeka m'manda. Ponseponse, m'malo anayi ku Egypt, manda adapezeka momwe munali mitembo 10,000 ya ng'ona. Zina mwazi mummies izi zitha kuwonetsedwa m'malo owonera zakale ku Kom Ombo.
2. Ng'ona m'madzi zimasewera mimbulu m'nkhalango. Pakubwera zida zankhondo zambiri, adayamba kuwonongedwa pazifukwa zachitetezo, ndipo ngakhale khungu la ng'ona lidakhala labwino. Ndipo zenizeni chimodzi kapena makumi awiri zinali zokwanira kuti asodzi azindikire: palibe ng'ona - palibe nsomba. Pafupifupi pamalonda. Ng'ona zimapha ndikudya, choyambirira, nsomba zodwala, kuteteza anthu ena ku miliri. Kuphatikiza malamulo amtundu wa anthu - ng'ona zimakhala m'madzi abwino kwambiri pamitundu yambiri ya nsomba. Ngati ng'ona sizikuwononga anthu ena, nsomba zimayamba kufa chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
3. Ng'ona ndi chitsanzo cha kusinthika kolakwika (ngati kuli choncho, kuli ndi chizindikiro). Makolo awo akale adatuluka m'madzi kupita kumtunda, koma kenako china chake sichinayende bwino (mwina, chifukwa cha kutentha kwotsatira, panali madzi ambiri padziko lapansi). Makolo a ng'ona adabwerera kumadzi amoyo. Mafupa a m'kamwa mwawo asintha kotero kuti, popuma, mpweya umadutsa m'mphuno molunjika m'mapapu, kudutsa pakamwa, kulola ng'ona kukhala pansi pamadzi, ndikusiya mphuno zokha pamwamba pake. Palinso zizindikilo zingapo zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa pakuwunika kwa chipatso cha ng'ona, kutsimikizira kusinthika kwakukula kwa mtunduwo.
4. Kapangidwe ka chigaza kamathandiza kusaka ng'ona moyenera. Zokwawa izi zimakhala ndi mphako pansi pamutu. Pamwamba, amadzazidwa ndi mpweya. Ngati mukufuna kuyenda pansi pamadzi, ng'ona imapumitsa mpweya kuchokera m'matumba amenewa, thupi limakhala lonyansa komanso mwakachetechete, popanda kuwonekera kwa nyama zina, kulowa pansi pamadzi.
5. Ng'ona ndi nyama zopanda magazi, ndiye kuti, kuti azigwira ntchito yawo yofunikira, safuna chakudya chochuluka, chifukwa ndi nyama zolusa. Malingaliro onena za kususuka kwachilendo kwa ng'ona adawonekera chifukwa cha kusaka kwawo: kamwa yayikulu, madzi otentha, kulimbana mwamphamvu kwa wogwidwa, kuponyera nsomba zazikulu mlengalenga ndi zina zina zapadera. Koma ngakhale ng'ona zazikulu zimatha kukhala osadya kwa milungu ingapo kapena kukhutira ndi zotsalira zobisika. Nthawi yomweyo, amataya gawo lalikulu mpaka gawo lachitatu la kulemera kwawo, koma amakhalabe achangu komanso olimba.
6. Okonda zachilengedwe makamaka komanso ng'ona makamaka amakonda kunena kuti ng'ona sizowopsa kwa anthu ngati angachite bwino. Apa ali pafupi kwambiri ndi okonda agalu, kuwadziwitsa anthu olumwa kuti agalu samaluma anthu. Chiwerengero cha omwe amwalira pangozi zamagalimoto kapena omwe amwalira ndi chimfine ndizabwino zina - ng'ona zimadya anthu ochepa. M'malo mwake, munthu wang'ona ndi nyama yokoma, yomwe, ikakhala m'madzi, siyitha kusambira kapena kuthawa. Mwachitsanzo, imodzi mwa tamba tating'onoting'ono ta gavial, ndi yotchuka chifukwa chobanika pamtunda. Komabe, gavial amaponyera mtunda wake wamamita 5 - 6 patsogolo, amagwetsa wovulalayo pansi ndikumenyetsa mchira ndikumaliza kusaka ndi mano akuthwa.
7. Pa Januware 14, 1945, gulu lankhondo laku India la 36th Infantry Brigade linaukira ma Japan pachilumba cha Ramri kufupi ndi gombe la Burma. Anthu aku Japan, atatsala opanda chivundikiro cha zida zankhondo, usiku atanyamuka ndikutuluka pachilumbachi, ndikusiya asirikali 22 ovulala ndi oyang'anira 3 pamenepo - onse ongodzipereka - ngati obisalira. Kwa masiku awiri, aku Britain adatsata kuwukira malo okhala ndi adani okhala ndi mipanda yolimba, ndipo atawona kuti akuukira malo a akufa, mwachangu adalemba nthano yonena kuti ng'ona zaku Burma mosasamala zidadya anthu aku Japan opitilira 1,000 ndi zida ndi zida, kuthawa mdani wolimba. Phwando la ng'ona lidalowanso mu Guinness Book of Records, ngakhale ngakhale anthu ena anzeru aku Briteni amafunsabe kuti: Kodi ng'ona adadya ndani pamaso pa a Japan pa Ramri?
8. Ku China, imodzi mwa tambala tating'onoting'ono ta ng'ona, Chinese alligator, imatetezedwa ndi International Red Book komanso malamulo akumaloko. Komabe, ngakhale alamu a akatswiri azachilengedwe (osakwana 200 ma alligator atsalira mwachilengedwe!), Nyama ya zokwawa izi zimatumizidwa mwalamulo m'malo operekera zakudya. Anthu achi China ochita chidwi amabzala nyama zomwe zimasungidwa m'mapaki, kenako amazigulitsa ngati oweta kapena ana owonjezera. Buku Lofiira silimathandiza ma alligator omwe mwangozi, kufunafuna bakha, amayenda mumunda wa mpunga. Chikhumbo cha ma alligator kuti azidziika m'manda nthawi zonse sichimangovulaza mbewu zokha, komanso madamu ambiri, motero alimi aku China sakuyimira nawo pamwambo.
9. Palibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti kuli ng'ona zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi kopitilira 10 mita. Nkhani zambiri, nthano ndi "nkhani zowona ndi maso" zimangotengera nkhani zongomveka kapena zithunzi zokayikitsa. Izi, zachidziwikire, sizitanthauza kuti zilombo zotere sizikhala kwinakwake mchipululu ku Indonesia kapena ku Brazil ndipo sizilola kuti zizingoyezedwa. Koma ngati tikulankhula za kukula kwake, ndiye kuti anthu sanaonepo ng'ona kuposa mamita 7.
10. Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a ng'ona amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafilimu ambiri. Izi ndi makanema owopsa othamanga omwe ali ndi mayina odzifotokozera monga Eaten Alive, Alligator: Mutant, Bloody Surfing, kapena Crocodile: Mndandanda wa Omwe Akuzunzidwa. Chiwongola dzanja chonse cha mafilimu asanu ndi limodzi chajambulidwa potengera Nyanja Placid: Nyanja ya Mantha. Kanemayo, yemwe adajambulidwanso mu 1999, amadziwikanso ndi zithunzi zochepa za makompyuta ndi zina zapadera. Model ng'ona ng'ona inamangidwa kukula kwathunthu (malinga ndi zochitikazo, kumene) ndipo anali ndi injini 300-ndiyamphamvu.
11. Dziko la America ku Florida ndi paradaiso weniweni osati wa anthu okha, komanso a ng'ona ndi agulugufe (awa, mwachiwonekere, ndi malo okhawo padziko lapansi pomwe amuna okongolawa amakhala pafupi). Nyengo yotentha, chinyezi, kuchuluka kwa madoko osaya ndi madambo, chakudya chochuluka ngati nsomba ndi mbalame ... Kuti akope alendo ku Florida, mapaki angapo apadera adapangidwa, opatsa zokopa zosangalatsa komanso nthawi zina zowopsa. Mmodzi mwa mapaki, mutha kudyetsa zokwawa zazikulu ndi nyama. Alendo amasangalala, koma kwa anthu am'deralo ma alligator ali pachiwopsezo chatsiku ndi tsiku - sizosangalatsa kupeza mphalapala ya mita iŵiri ikutsamira kapinga kapena kusambira padziwe. Palibe chaka chimodzi ku Florida chomwe chimadutsa osamwalira. Ngakhale akunena kuti anyigator amapha anthu kuti ateteze mazira okha, kuwukira kwawo kumapha miyoyo ya anthu 2-3 pachaka.
12. Ng'ona zazikuluzikulu - zazithunzizo - zimalumikizana bwino. Zowonera ndi kujambulidwa kwawonetsera kuti amasinthana magulu osachepera anayi azizindikiro. Ng'ona zoswedwa kumene zimayatsa kuwala ndi kamvekedwe kamodzi. Ng'onoting'ono za achinyamata zimapempha thandizo ndikumveka kofanana ndi kukuwa. Mimba yaimuna yayikulu imasonyeza mlendo kuti alowa m'malo a ng'ona ina. Pomaliza, ng'ona zimapanga mawu apadera akamagwira ntchito yopanga ana.
13. Ng'ona zazimayi zimaikira mazira angapo, koma ng ombe zimapulumuka kwambiri. Ngakhale kuopsa kwa ng'ona zazikulu, mazira awo ndi nyama zawo zazing'ono zimasakidwa nthawi zonse. Kuukira kwa mbalame, afisi, kuwunika abuluzi, nkhumba zakutchire ndi nkhumba kumabweretsa chidziwitso chakuti pafupifupi wachisanu wachinyamata amakhala mpaka msinkhu. Ndipo ya ng'ona zomwe zakula kufikira zaka zingapo za moyo ndi kutalika kwa 1.5 m, osachepera 5% amakula kukhala achikulire. Ng'ona sizimavutika ndi miliri, koma makamaka zaka zachinyezi ndi zachinyezi, madzi akamasefukira zisa ndi mapanga omwe amakumbidwa ndi nyama zakutchire, zolusa zimakhalabe zopanda ana - kamwana kang'onong'ono kamamwalira mwachangu m'madzi amchere, dzira komanso ataswa.
14. Anthu aku Australia, monga zikuwonetsera, zokumana nazo sizimaphunzitsa chilichonse. Pambuyo pa zovuta zawo zonse zolimbana ndi akalulu, amphaka, nthiwatiwa, agalu, sanadzitseke kudziko lamkati. Dziko litangotanganidwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kupulumutsa ng'ona yowonongeka ku chiwonongeko, anthu aku Australia adalinso patsogolo pa ena onse. M'dera laling'ono kwambiri, minda yambiri ya ng'ona yakhazikitsidwa. Zotsatira zake, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma XXI, theka la ng'ona zamchere zamchere zimakhala ku Australia - 200,000 mwa 400,000. Zotsatira zake sizinabwere posachedwa. Poyamba, ziweto zimayamba kufa, kenako zimabwera kwa anthu. Kusintha kwanyengo kunadzetsa kusintha kwa malo, ndipo ng'ona zidayamba kuthawa m'mafamu ndikupita kumalo osinthika komwe anthu amakhala opanda mwayi wokhala. Tsopano boma la Australia likuzengereza pakati pa kuteteza nyama zopanda chitetezo ndi kuteteza anthu, posankha ngati angalole kusaka kwa ng'ona, kapena chilichonse chimangochoka chokha.
15. Pa tsoka la William Shakespeare "Hamlet, Kalonga waku Denmark", protagonist, akukangana ndi a Laertes za chikondi, mwachidwi amafunsa mdani wake ngati ali wokonzeka kudya ng'ona mwachikondi. Monga tikudziwira, nyama ya ng'ona ndiyabwino kuposa kudya, chifukwa chake, kunja kwa zenizeni za Middle Ages, funso la Hamlet limamveka ngati lopanda pake. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yomweyo amafunsa Laertes ngati ali wokonzeka kumwa vinyo wosasa, womwe ndiwowopsa ku thanzi. Koma Shakespeare sanali kulakwitsa. M'nthawi yake, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi zaka 100 pambuyo pa Hamlet yopeka, panali lonjezo lotchuka pakati pa okonda - kudya ng'ona yodzaza, ataba kale ku shopu yamalonda. Zinyama zotere zenera zinali chizindikiro cha mankhwala.
16. Zimavomerezedwa kuti ng'ona zilibe adani m'chilengedwe, ndizomwe zimakhala pamwamba pazakudya. Malinga ndi malingaliro athu akuti nyama zimasaka chakudya chokha, zili choncho. Koma ng'ona ndizoopsa, zopanda nzeru njovu ndi mvuu. Ma savanna akuluakulu, ngati ali ndi mwayi wodula ng'ona posungira ndikumupeza, amapondereza chokwawa ichi kukhala fumbi, kumangotsala magazi okhaokha. Mvuu nthawi zina zimadziponya m'madzi, kuteteza agwape kapena nyama ina ku ng'ona. Koma kumadera ena a ku Africa, ng'ona ndi mvuu za ku Nile zimakhala bwino ngakhale m'dziwe lomwelo.
17. Ng'ombe yaku China idasoweka ku Yangtze pofika zaka za m'ma 2000 - achi China adakhala moyo wopondereza komanso osalola kulola "mimbulu ya mitsinje" kunyamula nsomba, mbalame ndi ziweto zazing'ono kuchokera kwa iwo. Ma miyala am'mimba a Alligator, omwe amtengo wapatali ngati zokumbutsa, akhala ofunika kwambiri. Zinyama zimadya miyala iyi kuti thupi liziyenda bwino. Kwa zaka zambiri, miyala imapukutidwa mpaka kumapeto kwagalasi. Mwala wotere wokhala ndi cholembedwa, kapena cholembedwa bwino, kunena kapena ndakatulo imawerengedwa kuti ndi mphatso yabwino. Mano a alligator amagwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzimodzi.
18. Ng'ona zilibe zotupa kapena zotupa ngakhale zitakhala ndi mabala owopsa kwambiri, ndipo makamaka munyengo yamatenda amatha kukhala ola limodzi m'madzi. Ngakhale achi China akale anaganiza kuti magazi a ng'ona ali ndi zinthu zina zapadera. Mu 1998 okha, asayansi aku Australia adatha kuzindikira kuti magazi a ng'ona ali ndi ma antibodies omwe amagwira ntchito kangapo kuposa anzawo m'magazi amunthu. Chiyembekezo chodzipatula ma antibodies awa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala ndichokopa, koma zitha kutenga zaka makumi ambiri.
19. Achi China amatcha malingaliro a ng'ona "pang'onopang'ono" - zokwawa ndizovuta kuphunzitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, okhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Ufumu Wakumwamba adasunga ng'ona ngati alonda kwazaka zambiri - pa tcheni chosakhala kutali ndi kwawo. Ndiye kuti, pamlingo wocheperako, ng'ona imatha kumvetsetsa zinthu zosavuta: ikamveka phokoso linalake, idyetsedwa, palibe chifukwa chokhudza ana ang'ono ndi ziweto, omwe mosazindikira adagwera. Makanema ambiri ku Thailand samawonetsa anamgumi ophunzitsidwa bwino, koma ma pulogalamu amoyo. Kutentha kwa dziwe kumatsika, ndikupangitsa ng'ona kukhala zosinza. Ng'ona wofatsa kwambiri amasankhidwa. "Wophunzitsa" nthawi zonse amathira madzi ndi dziwe, ndikungotsalira kununkhira kodziwika kwa ng'ona. Zikakhala zovuta kwambiri, ng'ona isanatseke pakamwa pake, imangodina pang'ono - wophunzitsayo, pamaso pa zomwe zimachitika, amatha kukhala ndi nthawi yokoka mutu wake pakamwa. Posachedwa ziwonetsero ndi ng'ona zawoneka ku Russia. Mamembala awo amati amaphunzitsa ng'ona mofanana ndi nyama zina.
20. Mlimi wina wotchedwa Saturn amakhala ku Zoo ku Moscow. Mbiri yake itha kukhala chiwembu cha buku kapena kanema. Ng'ombe ya Mississippi idabadwira ku United States ndipo mu 1936, itakula, idaperekedwa ku Zoo ya Berlin. Kumeneko amanenedwa kuti adakondedwa ndi Adolf Hitler (Hitler adakondadi Zoo Zaku Berlin, Saturn adakhaladi ku Zoo ku Berlin - zomwe zimathera pamenepo). Mu 1945, malo osungira zinyama anaphulitsidwa bomba, ndipo pafupifupi onse okhala mu terrarium, omwe anali pafupifupi 50, adamwalira. Saturn anali ndi mwayi wopulumuka. Gulu lankhondo laku Britain lidapereka zigawengazo ku Soviet Union.Saturn adayikidwa ku Zoo ku Moscow, ndipo ngakhale pomwepo nthano ya woyimba wa Hitler idasandulika miyala. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, Saturn anali ndi chibwenzi choyamba, yemwenso ndi Amereka wotchedwa Shipka. Ngakhale Saturn ndi Shipka adagwira ntchito molimbika, sanapeze ana - wamkazi anali wosabala. Alligator adamva chisoni kwa nthawi yayitali atamwalira, ndipo adafa ndi njala kwakanthawi. Anapeza bwenzi latsopano kokha m'zaka za zana la 21. Asanawonekere, Saturn adatsala pang'ono kuphedwa ndi slab lomwe lidagwa. Anamuponyera miyala ndi mabotolo, kangapo konse madotolo sanathe kupulumutsa alligator. Ndipo mu 1990, Saturn anakana kusamukira ku aviary yatsopano, kachiwiri pafupi kudzipha yekha. M'zaka zaposachedwa, Saturn wakalamba modabwitsa ndipo amakhala pafupifupi nthawi yake yonse akugona kapena kusadzuka.
